Difference B/W Broad and Narrow Spectrum, Important Terms

Date:5/12/2021 www. qadricohs.edu.pk FB Page: Qadri College of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 1
QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI
U-2, 2 OF 2
- Some Important Terms
- Difference B/W Broad Spectrum
& Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

Some Important Terms
1- Sterilization:
Killing or removing all forms of microbial life
in a material or an object. Heating is the most commonly used method
of sterilization.
STERILANT: an agent or method used to remove or kill all microbes.
STERILE: free of life of every kind.

2- Antiseptic:
Defined as antimicrobial substances that are
non damaging to living tissue/skin while
reducing the possibility of infection,
sepsis, or putrefaction.
OR
Is a substance that stops or slows down the
growth of microorganisms.
They're frequently used in hospitals and
other medical settings to reduce the risk of
infection during surgery and other
procedures.
3- Antisepsis:
It destruction or inhibition of germ in living
tissue to limit or prevent the harmful effect
infection.

4- Asepsis:
Is the state of being free from disease-
causing micro-organisms.
OR
Is a condition in which no living disease-
causing microorganisms are present.
Asepsis covers all those procedures
designed to reduce the risk of bacterial,
fungal or viral contamination, using sterile
instruments, sterile draping and the gloved
'no touch' technique.

5- Sepsis:
Is the body's extreme response to an infection.
6- Aseptic:
An environment or procedure that is free of
contamination by pathogens.
7- Aseptic technique:
Is a process or procedure used to
achieve asepsis to prevent the transfer of
potentially pathogenic micro-organisms to a
susceptible site that may result in the
development of infection.
8- Septic: presence of pathogenic microbes in
living tissue.

9- Macrobiotic:
A diet (based on the Chinese cosmological principles of yin and yang) that consists of
whole cereals and grains supplemented
especially with beans and vegetables and
that in its especially former more restrictive
forms has been linked to nutritional
deficiencies.

10- Microbicide:
An agent that kills microscopic organisms
(bacteria, fungi, and viruses).

11- Antibiotic:
Any substance that inhibits the growth and
replication of a bacterium or kills it outright
can be called an antibiotic.
Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial
designed to target bacterial infections within
(or on) the body.

12- Bacteriostatic:
Inhibiting bacterial multiplication. This
action is reversible by removal of agent.
E.g chloramphenicol antibiotic.
13- Bactericidal:
killing bacteria.
e.g. Penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.

14- Fumigation:
Means sterilization by exposure of
vapors.
O.T is Sterilized by formaldehyde vapors.
15- Isolation:
Means separation of an infected person
from healthy person to prevent the
spread of disease.

16- Incubation period:
The period starts fro the entry pathogenic
microbe in body till sign and symptoms
appear is called incubation period.
17- Culture media:
The media (Petri dish) for cultivation
(culturing) of microorganisms for diagnosis
and drug sensitivity.
18- Pathogen:
Microbes which produce disease.

19- Phagocytes:
Eating cells. E.g WBCs eat microbes.
20- Phagocytosis:
Mechanism to eat the cell.
21- Pathology:
Branch of medicine treating essential
nature of disease specially changes in
body tissue or organ, which cause or
caused by disease.

22- Vaccine:
Drug containing live or killed organisms
for the prevention of infectious disease.
23- Spore:
An oval body formed (in bacteria), a
rounded resistant form adopted by a
bacterial cell in adverse conditions.

24- Serum:
The clear liquid that can be separated from
clotted blood.
25- Plasma:
The liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid,
which makes up about half of the volume of
blood. Plasma is devoid (‫)خالی‬ of cells and, unlike
serum, has not clotted. Blood plasma contains
antibodies and other proteins.

26- Parasite:
Organisms live on or within living host at whose
expanse it gets some advantages.
27- Parenteral:
Means administration of drug or nutrient by
injection or infusion.
28- Saprophytes:
Organisms, living on dead organic matter such as
bacteria and fungi. They are essential for
decomposition of dead material in ecosystem.

29- Communicable disease:
Disease that is spread from person to
person.
30- Vector:
Animal that transfers microbes from source
of contamination or infected person to
healthy person e.g mosquito, flies, insects.
31- Commensals:
Organism living on or within living thing,
and driving benefits with out harming and
benefiting the host e.g. E.Coli in gut.

32- Normal flora:
Microbes living on or within host with
benefiting the host. They are found on skin
surface, nose, GIT and gentiles.
FUNCTION:
Helps in absorption of nutrients.
Synthesize vitamin K, B12 and lactic acid.
Prevent colonization of pathogenic
microbes.
Bacteriocin produced inhibit growth of
microbes.
NOTE: They may cause opportunistic infection

33- Organelles:
Small structures present in cell e.g mitochondria.
34- Unicellular:
Organisms composed of single cell.
35- Multicellular:
Organisms composed of many cells.
36- Mitosis:
Is the division of a cell into two daughter cells
that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

37- Meiosis:
Cell division which occurs in germ cells
(sperm) From one parent cell 4 daughter
cells are formed, each cell contains 23
number of chromosomes.
38- Gamete:
Gametes are male sex cells (SPERM)
and female sex cells (OVA), having
haploid (a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.) numbers of
chromosomes.

39- Caryokinesis:
Division of a cell nucleus during mitosis.
40- Cytokinesis:
This is division of cytoplasm.
41- Immunology:
Study of immune system.
42- Immunization:
Process of creating immunity by vaccination.
43- Immunity:
Means process of recognizing and eliminating
foreign antigen.

44- Antigen:
Any substance that causes immune system
to produce antibodies against disease. (It may be a
foreign substance from the environment such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, pollen or even food (Nutrient)
particle.)
45- Antibody:
An immunoglobulin, a specialized immune
protein, produced due to an antigen into the
body, and which possesses the remarkable
ability to combine with the very antigen that
triggers its production.

46- Interferons:
Are proteins made and released by host
cells in response to the presence of
pathogens such as viruses, bacteria,
parasites or tumor cells.
47- Infection:
Entry of microbe in body and cause
disease.

48- Nosocomial infection:
Hospital acquired infection is called nosocomial
infection.
49- Bacteremia:
Presence of bacteria in blood.
50- Bacteriuria:
Presence of bacteria in urine.
51- Septisemia:
Invasion of the bloodstream by virulent bacteria.

52- Pus:
Thick yellow semi liquid substance consisting
dead WBCs bacterial cell and tissue fluid.
53- Virulence:
Power of microbes to produce disease.
54- Bactriophage:
Virus that infects and replicates within bacteria
and archaea. The term was derived from
"bacteria" and the Greek (phagein), meaning "to
devour ‫کھا‬
‫جانا‬ "

55- Anaerobes:
Can live without oxygen.
56- Aerobes:
Live in the presence of oxygen.

57- Disinfection:
Is the process, which involves the elimination of
most pathogenic microorganisms (excluding
bacterial spores) on inanimate (not alive) objects.
Chemicals used in disinfection are
called disinfectants.

58- Sanitation:
Is another word for cleaning.
Removing visible contamination and debris
(pieces of rubbish or remains) and dramatically lowering the
number of germs on the surface.
59- Sanitization:
Cleaning and Disinfection of an area or an
item.
The sanitizing is mostly used in the food
preparation areas and refers to eliminating
or reducing bacteria by cleaning and
disinfecting.

60- Degerming:
Is the physical removal of
microorganisms by using such things as
soaps or detergents.
Any chemical agent that kills
microorganisms is known as a germicide.
OR
Mechanical removal of most microbes in
a limited area.
Example: Alcohol swab on skin.

61- Bacteriostatic Agent:
An agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria,
but does not necessarily kill them. (Suffix stasis: To stop or
steady.)
62- Germicide:
An agent that kills certain microorganisms.
63- Bactericide:
An agent that kills bacteria. Most do not kill
endospores.

64- Viricide:
An agent that inactivates viruses.
65- Fungicide:
An agent that kills fungi.
66- Sporicide:
An agent that kills bacterial endospores
of fungal spores.

Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
Broad-spectrum antibiotics:
Antibiotic that acts on the two major
bacterial groups, Gram-positive and Gram-
negative, or any antibiotic that acts against
a wide range of disease-causing bacteria.

Common examples of broad-
spectrum antibiotics include
(in humans):
• Doxycycline
• Minocycline
• Aminoglycosides (except for streptomycin)
• Ampicillin
• Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
• Azithromycin
• Carbapenems (e.g. imipenem)
• Piperacillin/tazobactam
• Quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
• Tetracycline-class
drugs (except sarecycline)
• Chloramphenicol
• Ticarcillin
• Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics:
Effective against only a limited range of organisms narrow-
spectrum antibiotics effective only against gram-negative
bacteria.
Examples of narrow-spectrum antibiotics include:
Vancomycin, Fidaxomicin and Sarecycline.

Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal
violet color and stains purple.
Gram-negative
bacteria lose crystal violet and stain red.
the two types of bacteria are distinguished
by gram staining.

Methods to control Microbial Growth

Difference B/W Broad and Narrow Spectrum, Important Terms

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