Anita Sintawati 21202244039 Class H Sociolinguistics in Educational Contexts

1. Diglossia, Bilingualism,
and Multilingualism

2. 21202244047
ERICA FEBRIANA SAPUTRI
ANINDITA RAHMA MAYSA
21202244044
21202244039
ANITA SINTAWATI

3. Diglossia
Bilingualism
Multilingualism

5. Diglossia is the term used to describe a
situation in which there are two distinct
codes with clear functional separation;
that is, one code is employed in one
set of circumstances and the other in
an entirely different set.

6. It means learned at school
It means not formally learned.
It’s learned as a spoken language.
Its speakers don’t formally learn
grammar or writing.
Its speaker learns how to write
and learn grammar rules.
Ferguson

7. H Classical Arabic
Arabic-speaking countries
The various regional
colloquial varieties
L
H Standard German
Switzerland
Swiss German
L
H Standard French
Haiti
Haitian Creole
L
H Katharévousa
Greece
Dhimotiki or Demotic
L
Ferguson (1959), he identifies four language situations which show the major
characteristics of the diglossic phenomenon; in each situation there is a ‘high’
variety (H) of language and a ‘low’ variety (L).

8. Ferguson describes are ‘narrow’ or ‘classic’ diglossic situations.
Fishman has broadened or extended the term to include a
wider variety of language situations.
Fishman (1980, 3)
Diglossia is ‘an enduring societal arrangement,’
extending at least beyond a three-generation
period, such that two varieties each have
their secure, phenomenologically legitimate, and
widely implemented functions.

9. The concept of diglossia has been important in
the study of multilingualism in a diverse range
of societies, the validity of it as a language
practice has also been questioned.
Even if we embrace the idea of
diglossia, it is a concept which fits
only a narrow range of social
situations.

10. Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in
the community, with one regarded as a high (or H)
variety and the other a low (or L) variety.
Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and
L complement each other.
No one uses the H variety in everyday conversation.

11. People use a number of different codes for different
purposes. The term polyglossia has been used for
situations like this where a community regularly uses
more than three languages. Polyglossia is thus a useful
term for describing situations where a number of
distinct codes or varieties are used for clearly distinct
purposes or in clearly distinguishable situations.

13. Bilingualism is knowledge of two languages. The term
bilingual is widely used to refer to individuals who have
obtained the ability to use more than one language.
The definition of Bilingualism:
• Hamers and Blanc (2000), called individual of bilingualism
as bilinguality.
• Haugen defined bilinguals as individuals who are fluent in
one language but can produce complete meaningful
utterances in other language.

14. • Usually low status.
• Immigrant languages are associated with poor and
disenfranchised segments of society.
Immigrant Bilingualism
• speaking two languages which both carry high status.
• In many countries, speaking an international language
such as English in addition to the national
language creates elite bilingualism.
Elite Bilingualism

15. Marie is bilingual. She grew up in Montreal with
English as her first language, learned at home.
She went to a French immersion school so, at
age fifteen, she also speaks French fluently.

17. A person able to speak more than one language, or a
situation in which speakers can and do speak more than
one language
multilingual discourse shapes interactions, relationships, and social
identities
• Multilingualism is something that is considered common
throughout the world
• Multilingual discourse shapes interactions, relationships,
and social identities.

18. multilingual discourse shapes interactions, relationships, and social
identities
• Particular languages stereotyped.
• Languages should be kept strictly separate, and
this is true of monolingual and multilingual alike.
• On hegemony: The dominant group is
accepted as rightfully dominant even by
members of the groups it dominates

19. One example of a various multilingual society is present-day India.
Mohanty, an Indian sociolinguist, He use Oriya in my home, English in my
workplace, Hindi for television viewing, Bengali to communicate with my
domestic helper, a variety of Hindi-Punjabi-Urdu in marketplaces in Delhi,
Sanskrit for my prayer and religious activities, and some con conversational
Kui with the Kinds for my research in their community

20. Holmes, J. & Wilson, N. (2017). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Fifth Edition. Section 1
Part 2: Language choice in multilingual communities, pp. 19-34.
Meyerhoff, M. (2018). Introducing Sociolinguistics: Third Edition. Chapter 6: Multilingualism
and language choice, pp. 114-142.
Wardaugh, R. & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Seventh Edition.
Chapter: Languages in Contact: Multilingual Societies and Multilingual Discourse, pp. 82-105.
Wardaugh, R. & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Seventh Edition.
Elite and immigrant bilingualism, pp. 354-355.

21. Thank You