1. Language Choice in Multilingual Communities
(Diglossia, Bilingualism, Multilingualism, Interference)
21202244021 Afiq Amalul Umam
21202244052 Ahmad Nur Yusuf W
21202244066 Petrusclaver Samudera W
2. Table of Contents
set of abilities and knowledge in
one or more languages
a situation in which there are two
distinct codes with clear functional
separation
The ability to understand
use two languages
The ability to understand
and use many languages
Bilingualism Multilingualism
Language Repertoire Diglossia
3. Linguistic Repertoire
The linguistic repertoire is a person's set of abilities and
knowledge in one or more languages, as well as their many variants
For example, My friend have 4 language repertoire, he's
Maduranese, but he only that language for my friend and my
parents. But in formal situation, like in a classroom when he was in
senior high school, He use Bahasa Indonesia for discussion in Our
classes. But now, He took English major in collage, So he use
English language in classes.
4. Domains
In many various types of speech communities, one may be used in one set
of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set; these
circumstances are called domains Examining 'typical' interactions that
incorporate these elements has shown to be quite helpful, especially when
understanding code choosing in large speech communities. There are two
types in domain (H&L domain) High : Religion and Low : Family.
5. Modelling Variety or Code choice
Domain is a broad term that relies on three key variables in code selection:
Participants, context, and topic. It may be used to capture broad
generalizations about any speech group.
For starters, it pushes us to be quite explicit about which domains and
variations are crucial to language selection. The model summarizes what we
know about community language use trends. Another reason an explicit model is
valuable is that it gives a clear foundation for comparing patterns of code
choice in different speech groups
6. Other social factor affecting code choice
People may choose a certain type or code to make it simpler to discuss a specific issue,
regardless of where they are speaking. When both participants share more than one kind, other
considerations will influence the best option. For example, the social distance factor is important.
How well do they know one other, what is their social distance (stranger vs friend), and so on.
The status connection between persons may be crucial in deciding on the best code. Social role is
also essential and is frequently a factor leading to variations in people's status. Teacher-student,
doctor-patient, soldier-civilian, priest-parishioner, and official-citizen are examples of typical
role interactions. The environment and the level of formality may also play a role in picking an
acceptable variation or code. The proper variety for a formal ceremony in church will be
different from that utilized later in the church porch. Another crucial consideration is the
interaction's role or objective.
7. Diglossia
Diglossia is the term used to describe a situation in which there are two distinct
codes with clear functional separation; that is, one code is employed in one set of
circumstances and the other in an entirely different set.
Example :
The first situation is in Arabic-speaking countries, in which the two varieties are
Classical Arabic (H) and the various regional colloquial varieties (L). The second
example is Standard German (H) and Swiss German (L) in Switzerland. Third,
Ferguson cites the language situation in Haiti, where the varieties are Standard
French (H) and Haitian Creole (L). The fourth is found in Greece with Katharévousa
(H) and Dhimotiki or Demotic (L) varieties of Greek. In each case the two varieties
coexisted for a long period, sometimes, as with Arabic and Greek, for many
centuries. Consequently, the phenomenon of diglossia is not ephemeral in nature; in
fact, the opposite is true: it appears to be a persistent social and linguistic
phenomenon. Wardough
8. The statuses of the H and L Varieties
In a diglossia setting, attitudes toward the two codes are confusing. Even if
they don't comprehend it, most people admire the H variety. The fact that the
H variety is described and 'fixed,' or standardised, in grammar books and
dictionaries reinforces these ideas. The L variety is often not thought to be
worth explaining. However, sentiments about the L variant vary and are
frequently ambiguous.
9. Diglossia with and without bilingualism
The word diglossia refers to social or institutionalized bilingualism in which two types are necessary to cover all
domains of the community. Holmes and Wilson (2017) illustrated a four-category box.
1. Box 1 refers to a situation where the society is diglossic, two languages are required to cover the full range
of domains and (most) individuals are bilingual. Those communities in Vanuatu where individuals speak the
local village language
2. Box 2 describes situations where individuals are bilingual, but there is no community- wide functional
differentiation in the use of their languages. Many English-speaking countries fit this description
3. Box 3 describes the situation of politically united groups where two languages are used for different
functions, but by largely different speech communities. This is true for Haiti, since most people are
monolingual in Haitian Creole.
4. Box 4 describes the situation of monolingual groups, and Fishman suggests this is typical of isolated ethnic
communities where there is little contact with other linguistic groups.
10. Extending the scope of “diglossia”
Because each code or language is employed in various settings, multilingual
communities such as Sauris and Paraguay were cited as instances of diglossia. Other
qualities of the "traditional" diglossia conditions, while usually significant, are not
regarded as crucial to the definition. In other words, the H type is often the
prestige kind, although the L variant can also be admired, like in Paraguay, where
people are typically proud of Guarani. Although literature in H is more commonly
written than in L, L may have a rich oral literature. L languages are progressively
being codified and standardized, whereas H has done so for centuries in grammar
books and dictionaries.
11. Polyglossia
Polyglossia refers to conditions in which a population habitually speaks
more than three languages. In Singapore, for example, both Mandarin and
formal Singapore English might be termed H variations alongside with L
types. In connection to at least two L variations, Hokkien and Cantonese,
Mandarin serves as a H variety. Along with the more formal H variation,
informal Singapore English is a L variety. So there are two H varieties and
a number of L variations in a complicated connection for this speech
group. Polyglossia is thus an appropriate name for circumstances in which
a number of separate codes or varieties are utilized for obviously distinct
goals or in clearly distinguishable contexts.
12. References
1. Janet Holmes, 2017. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. (Pages: 19-34)
2. Ronald Wardhaugh, 2015. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.
(Pages : 90, 91, 92, 93)
