Module IV.pptx

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Prof. VEERESH M.TECH. MISTE
Module - 4
Avoiding risks and harmful habits
• Characteristics of health compromising behaviors:
• Behaviors practiced by people that undermine or harm their
current or future health.
• When a person succeeds in changing a poor health behavior,
often he or she will make other healthy lifestyle changes.
• The end result is that risk declines, and a disease-free middle
and old age becomes a possibility.

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Module - 4
• A window of vulnerability in adolescence.
• Behaviors such as drinking to excess, smoking, using illicit
drugs, and taking risks that can lead to accidents or early death,
all begin in early adolescence and sometimes cluster together
as part of a problem behavior syndrome.
• Not all health-compromising behaviors develop during
adolescence (obesity occurs during childhood).
• Many of these behaviors are tied to the peer culture, as
children learn from and imitate their peers, especially the male
peers they like and admire (wanting to be attractive to others).

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Module - 4
• A window of vulnerability in adolescence.
• Many of these behaviors are pleasurable, enhancing the
adolescent’s ability to cope with stressful situations (Ex.).
• Each of these behaviors is definitely dangerous. Each has been
tied to at least one major cause of death, and several,
especially smoking and obesity, are risk factors for more than
one major chronic disease.
• Adolescents who slip into these patterns are less likely to
practice good health habits and use leisure time for exercise in
midlife, setting the stage for an unhealthy middle and older
age.

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Module - 4
• These behaviors develop gradually, as the person is exposed to
the behavior, experiments with it, and later engages in it
regularly.
• Many health compromising behaviors are acquired through
• stages of vulnerability  experimentation --> regular use.
• Substance abuse of all kinds - junk food, alcohol, cigarettes,
drugs, ………..,
• Adolescents’ involvement in risky behaviors often have conflict
with their parents and poor self-control.
• Adolescents who try to combine long hours of engagement
with work have an increased risk....

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Module - 4
• Problem behaviors: including obesity, smoking, and
alcoholism, are more common in the higher / lower social
classes.
• Practice of these health- compromising behaviors are one
reason that social class is so strongly related to most causes of
disease / death / social problems.

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Module - 4
• Results:
• Adolescents who abuse substances typically do poorly in
school; family problems, low self-esteem, having a low IQ, a
difficult temperament, and deviance-tolerant attitudes.
• Co-occurring mental health disorders, such as depression or
anxiety, may fuel these problem behaviors and make them
harder to treat.

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Module - 4
• Addictions (Substance Use / Behavioral Disordres):
• Addiction is a complex, chronic brain condition influenced by
genes and the environment.
• Characterized by substance use or compulsive actions that
continue despite harmful consequences.
• For a long time, addiction meant an uncontrollable habit of
using alcohol or other drugs.
• More recently, the concept of addiction has expanded to
include behaviors, such as gambling, and even ordinary
activities, such as exercise, eating, shopping, video gaming
(Addictive behaviour (who.int)), internet surfing, social media
usage, etc.

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Module - 4
• Features of Addiction:
• The addictive behavior is maladaptive.
• The behavior causes problems for the individual or those
around them.
• Instead of helping the person cope with situations or overcome
problems, it tends to undermine these abilities.
• The behavior is persistent.
• When people are addicted, they will continue to engage in the
addictive behavior despite the trouble it causes.
• An occasional self-indulgence is not an addiction, although it
may cause different kinds of problems.
• Addiction is characterized by frequent engagement in the
behavior.

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• Symptoms of Addiction:
• The signs and symptoms vary from one addiction type to
another.
• Some common symptoms of addiction include:
• An inability to stop, Changes in mood, appetite, and sleep
• Continuing despite negative consequences
• Engaging in risky behaviors
• Losing interest in other things, normally used to enjoy
• Putting the substance or behavior ahead of other parts of life
including family, work, and other responsibilities
• Secrecy in most walks of life
• Withdrawal symptoms

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• Influencing Factors (Causes) of Addiction:
• Addictions take time to develop. It is unlikely that a person will
become addicted after using a substance once.
• The brain: Addiction leads to changes in the brain's reward
circuits over time.
• Family history: You may be more likely to become addicted if
you have family members who also have addictions.
• Genetics: Research suggests that genetics increases the
likelihood of developing an addiction
• Environment: Exposure to addictive substances, social
pressure, lack of social support, and poor coping skills can also
contribute to the development of addictions.
• Frequency and duration of use

Dept. of ME, JSSATE, Bengaluru 21
11

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• How addiction develops?
People begin taking drugs for a variety of reasons, including:
• to feel good — feeling of pleasure, “high” or "intoxication"
• to feel better — relieve stress, forget problems, or feel numb
• to do better — improve performance or thinking
• curiosity and peer pressure or experimenting

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• Addiction Behaviors:
• An addictive behavior is a behavior, or a stimulus related to a
behavior (food, exercise, game, bike riding, etc.).
• Any activity, substance, object, or behavior that has become the
major focus of a person's life to the exclusion of other activities.
• That has begun to harm the individual or others physically,
mentally, or socially is considered an addictive behavior.
• A person can become addicted, dependent, or compulsively
obsessed with anything.
• If a person continues to engage in the activity to achieve this
“high” feeling of well-being and euphoria, he/she may get into an
addictive cycle.

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• Common Characteristics of Addiction Behaviors
• The person becomes obsessed (constantly thinks of) the object,
activity, or substance.
• They will seek it out, or engage in the behaivor even though it
is causing harm (physical problems, poor work or study
performance, problems with friends, family, fellow workers).
• The person will compulsively engage in the activity, that is, do
the activity over and over even if he/she does not want to and
find it difficult to stop.
• Upon cessation of the activity, withdrawal symptoms often
occur. These can include irritability, craving, restlessness or
depression.

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Module - 4
• Common Characteristics of Addiction Behaviors
• The person does not appear to have control as to when, how
long, or how much he or she will continue the behavior (loss of
control).
• He/she often denies problems resulting from his/her
engagement in the behavior, even though others can see the
negative effects.
• Person hides the behavior after family or close friends have
mentioned their concern. (hides food under beds, alcohol
bottles in closets, doesn't show spouse credit card bills, etc).
• Individuals with addictive behaviors often have low self
esteem, feel anxious if the do not have control over their
environment

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• Differences between addictive people and non
addictive people and their behavior with society

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• Effects and health hazards from addictions
• Immediate & Short-Term Health Concerns
• Longer-Term Health Concerns
• Physical complications
– Cardiovascular health
– Injury to body parts
– Loss of hygiene and routine
– Fetal damage
• Psychological complications
– Depression
– Loneliness
• Financial problems, homelessness, criminal activity

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Module - 4
• How to recover from addictions?
• Why is quitting so hard? - Addiction affects the frontal cortex
of the brain and alters the impulse control and judgment.
• Addiction causes changes in the brain, one might experience
symptoms such as impulsivity and cravings.
• These symptoms can make quitting more difficult, but choosing
effective treatment options can improve one’s ability to
succeed.
• Addictions are treatable - with the right plan and resources,
recovery is possible.

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Module - 4
• Prepare to quit: Before you quit, think about what you will
need to do in order to give up your addiction. This might
include eliminating triggers in your environment and finding
social support.
• Consider medications to treat addiction: If you have an alcohol
or drug addiction, medications can help you quit safely and
successfully
• Environment: Get rid of anything that might remind you of
your addiction or trigger a craving. Change routines or social
patterns (such as not hanging out with people who trigger
you).

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Module - 4
• Find & avoid distractions: Stay busy to distract yourself from
cravings and temptations to relapse. Plan what you can do
when a craving hits. For example, you might go for a walk, read
a book, watch a television show, or call a friend.
• Get support: Talk to the people who are close to you about
your plan and ask them for support. Knowing that there are
people in your corner who are willing to help you cope with the
challenges of quitting can help you feel more encouraged when
you are facing difficulties

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Module - 4
• Health Hazards from addictions (substance abuse)
• Diminished immune system function and infection.
• Drugs that are injected intravenously carry a very high risk of
infection, especially from HIV, hepatitis B and C, or bacterial
infections from sharing dirty needles.
• Drugs also increase the risk of certain infections, such as upper
respiratory infections from snorting or smoking.
• Consumption of of alcohol may lead to pneumonia or loss in
apetite

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Module - 4
• Cardiovascular Problems.
• Stimulants can increase a user’s heart rate while CNS (central
nervous system) depressants (drug that slows down brain
activity, which causes the muscles to relax and calms and
soothes a person) can slow it down.
• Consistent high or low blood pressure may be associated with
an increased risk of blood clots, ischemic injury, and other
circulatory problems.
• Many intoxicating substances can cause irregular heartbeat.
Stimulants, like cocaine or methamphetamines, can lead to
overdose deaths from cardiac arrest.

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Module - 4
• Cardiovascular Problems.
• Those who abuse alcohol are at higher risks of:
• Pneumonia.
• Tuberculosis.
• Respiratory syncytial virus infection.
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

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Module - 4
• Gastrointestinal Issues.
• Oral consumption of drugs (alcohol or opioids or ADHD -
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder medication) can cause harm
to the digestive system.
• Opioids can lead to chronic constipation, and other substances
can cause stomach upset, indigestion, or vomiting.
• Cocaine and methamphetamine use can lead to a loss of blood
supply between the heart and the gastrointestinal system. This
can lead to ischemic colitis and, in severe cases, bowel tissue
death.

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Module - 4
• Respiratory Problems
• Liver Damage
• Kidney Damage
• Neurological Issues: When a person consumes substance for a
long time, the brain adapts.

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Module - 4
• Further reading:
• 7 Common Health Conditions Caused by Substance Abuse
(sunrisehouse.com)
• Drug Abuse & Addiction: Effects on Brain, Risk Factors, Signs
(webmd.com)

Module IV.pptx

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