1. Computer Basics
• Computer is an electronic machine that can
1. store,
2. retrieve and
3. Process / manipulate /convert data.
• It performs
1. computations and
2. logical decisions
• It has no power or intelligence by itself and cannot think or do
anything
4. Input Processing Output
• Input data from disk, keyboard, mouse or from other
storage media
• Process data (Processing units are CPU and Main
Memory)
• Output results to display screen or to store in hard disk
or other media
Work flow of Computer
5. Computer programs
Sets of instructions which directs a computer to
perform certain functions.
• Types of programming languages:
Machine language
Assembly language
High-level languages
Programming Languages
6. Introduction to Microprocessor
• Microprocessor is also known as the CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
• It follows the instructions of the software to
manipulate data into information
• Two basic parts of CPU
A. The Control Unit
B. The Arithmetic Logic Unit
7. Introduction to Microprocessor
The Control Unit
• All computer resources are managed from the
CU
• CPU’s own instructions for performing
operations are built into the control unit
• It tells the rest of the computer system how to
execute instructions
• It transfers electronic signals between ALU
and MM and also MM & I/O devices
8. Introduction to Microprocessor
The Arithmetic Logic Unit
• ALU performs arithmetic operations and logical operations
and controls the speed of those operations.
Arithmetic operations are fundamental mathematical
operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-),
multiplication (*) and division (/)
Logical operations are comparisons that means ALU
compares two pieces of data whether they are:
a) Equal to (=) or not equal to (!=)
b) Greater than (>) or not greater than (!>)
c) Less than (<) or not less than (!<)
d) Greater than or equal to (>=) or not greater than or equal
to (!>=)
e) Less than or equal to (<=) or not less than or equal to (!<=)
9. Introduction to Microprocessor
(Intel 4004)
• Microprocessor/Processor is also known as the
brain of the computer.
• The world’s first microprocessor is: Intel 4004
• It was a 4-bit microprocessor
• It addressed a mere 4096, 4-bit wide memory
location
• A 4-bit wide memory location is often called
nibble
• The 4004 instruction set contained only 45
instructions
10. Introduction to Microprocessor
(Intel 4004)
• Applications:
• The 4-bit Microprocessor still survives in low-
end applications such as
i) microwave ovens and
ii) small control systems and is still available
from some microprocessor manufacturers
iii) Most calculators are still based on 4-bit
microprocessors
11. Introduction to Microprocessor
(Intel 8008)
• In 1971, Intel Corporation released:
• the Intel 8008 an extended 8-bit version of
the 4004 microprocessor
• The 8008 addressed an expanded memory size
(16K bytes)
• It contained additional instructions ( a total of
48)
13. Introduction to Microprocessor
(Intel 8080)
• Due to some limitations:
small memory size
slow speed and
limited instruction sets
• Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessor in
1973-the first of the modern 8-bit
microprocessors
14. Introduction to Microprocessor
• Table 1 shows several of these early microprocessors
and their manufacturers.
Table 1. Early 8-bit microprocessors
Manufacturer Part Number
Fairchild F-8
Intel 8080
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola MC6800
National Semiconductor IMP-8
Rockwell International PPS-8
Zilog Z-8
15. Introduction to Microprocessor
(Intel 8080)
• Specifications of Intel 8080:
o The 8080 addressed four times more memory
(64 K bytes) than the 8008 (16 K bytes)
o Execute additional instructions
o It executed instructions 10 times faster than
8008
16. Introduction to Microprocessor
(Intel 8085)
• The 8085 Microprocessor:
o In 1977, Intel Corporation introduced an
updated version of the 8080- the 8085
oIt was last 8-bit general purpose
microprocessor developed by Intel
Corporation
17. Introduction to Microprocessor
(Intel 8085)
• Applications of 8085:
internal clock generator
internal system controller and
higher clock frequency
18. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The Modern Microprocessor: 8086 and 8088)
• In 1978, Intel released:
1. the 8086 microprocessor;
2. a year or so later it released 8088.
• The 8086 and 8088 are 16-bit microprocessor
• The 8086 and 8088 addressed 1 M–byte of
memory which was 16 times more memory that
the 8085
19. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The Modern Microprocessor: 8086 and 8088)
• Applications of 8086 and 8088:
• The higher
1. execution speed
2. larger memory size and
3. Additional instructions allowed the 8086 and
8088
to replace smaller minicomputers in many
applications
led to many sophisticated applications for
microprocessors
20. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The Modern Microprocessor: 8086 and 8088)
• These microprocessors are called CISC (Complex
Instruction Set Computers) because of the number
of complexity of instructions
• Complex instruction set computing (CISC) is a
processor design, where single instructions can
execute several low-level operations such as
• a load from memory,
• an arithmetic operation,
• a memory store,
• capable of multi-step operations or
• addressing mode within single instructions.
21. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The Modern Microprocessor: 8086 and 8088)
• The 16-bit 8086 and 8088 provided 1 M byte of
memory for the following applications:
Spreadsheets
Word processors
Spelling checkers and
Computer-based other applications
• Soon, even 1M-byte memory system proved
limiting for large databases and other applications.
• This led Intel to introduce the 80286
microcomputers, an updated 8086, in 1983
22. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The 80286 Microprocessor)
• The 80286 microprocessor was a 16-bit
architecture microprocessor
• It was identical to the 8086 and 8088
• except it addressed 16M-byte memory system
instead of a 1M-byte system
• It has a few additional instructions that
managed the extra 15M bytes of memory
23. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The 80386 Microprocessor)
• Intel Corporation invented the 80386 in 1986 due
to the demand of:
Faster microprocessor speeds
More memory and
Wider data paths
• The 80386 represented a major overhaul of the
16-bit 8086-80286 architecture
• The 80386 was Intel’s first practical 32-bit
microprocessor
• It contained a 32-bit data bus and a 32-bit
memory address
24. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The 80486 Microprocessor)
• In 1989, Intel released the 80486
microprocessor, which incorporated:
An 80386-like microprocessor
An 80387-like numeric coprocessor and
An 8K-byte cache memory into one integrated
package
25. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The Pentium Microprocessor)
• The Pentium, introduced in 1993, was similar
to the 80386 and 80486 microprocessor
• It contained an:
1. 8K-byte instruction cache and
2. an 8K-byte data cache, altogether 16K-byte
cache
• Pentium also included additional instructions
called multimedia extensions or MMX
instructions
26. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The Pentium Microprocessor)
• The Pentium executes two instructions,
which are dependent on each other,
simultaneously
• Because it contains two independent
internal processors called superscalar
technology.
• This allows the Pentium to often execute two
instructions per clocking period
27. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The Pentium Microprocessor
• RISC (reduced instruction set computer) is a
microprocessor that is designed to perform
1. a smaller number of types of computer instructions
2. it can operate at a higher speed
(perform more millions of instructions per second (MIPS)
• Since each instruction type that a computer must
perform requires
1. additional transistors and circuitry,
2. a larger list or set of computer instructions
This tends to make the microprocessor more complicated
and slower in operation.
28. Introduction to Microprocessor
(The Pentium Pro Processor)
• The Pentium Pro Processor, introduced in 1995
• It contained:
1. 21 million transistors
2. Integer units and
3. Floating point unit to increase the performance of
most software
4. 16K level-one (L1) cache (8K for data and 8K for
instruction)
5. It also contained a 256K level-two (L2) cache