5. THE FIRST MUSLIM CONTACT
First Muslims to make contact in the subcontinent were
Arab traders and sailors, prior to birth of Islam.
Arab businessmen first stepped on the Indian soil in the
first hijra century.
Their fair business dealings and personal piety and
simplicity impressed the locals a lot they also preached the
principles of Islam.
“Kirnig Noor” was the first Indian to embrace Islam.
Muslims fought their first battle on the Indian shore during
the Khilafat of Hazrat Umar when the Governor of Bahrain
invaded a seaport ‘Thana’ near Mumbai.
5
9. SUFIS AND SUFISM – PAN ISLAMISM
History has examples where religious, military and political guides
have offered people to rise to the serious problems and challenges
faced collectively.
From 16th
century to the creation of Pakistan Muslims have had a
series of leaders and thinkers who gave them direction and hope.
Islam spread in the sub-continent due to the efforts, exertions and
personal examples of Muslim Scholars and Sufis who journeyed
almost the entire sub-continent preaching Islam.
9
10. HAZRAT MUJADID ALF SANI [(SHEIKH AHMED SIRHINDI) (1564-1624)]:
Born on June 14, 1564 was the fourth child of his father Sheikh
Abdul Ahad.
A saint and scholar who challenged Akbar who introduced the
religious philosophy of Din-e-Ilahi which combined the salient
features of Islam with Hinduism.
He exposed the above fallacy of Din-e-Ilahi with full vigour and
vitality which was distorting Islam.
Sheikh Ahmed continued his preaching even after Jehangir’s
accession to the throne and emphasized on Tauhid.
He declared that sajda could only be offered to God Almighty
and none else.
His emphasised on simple habits, namaz and fasting. Also,
stressed on separate identity of Muslims; thus, laying
foundation of “Two Nation Theory”. 10
12. FARAIZI MOVEMENT – HAJI SHARIATULLAH
(1781-1840)
Islam spread in Bengal in the 13th
and 14th
century; but, Hindu
revivalism converted many Muslim areas into Hinduism.
Haji Shariatullah started his ‘Faraizi Movement’ in Central Bengal
in reaction to the anti-Muslim policy of the British. Emphasis was on
religious duties in the light of Quran and the Sunnah.
His followers were asked for repentance of all past sins with pledge
to lead a righteous and God-fearing life in future. Muslim peasants
got united against the cruel exploitation by the Hindu zamindars.
It injected lot of confidence amongst the Muslims who were
otherwise in deep slumber.
Hindu zamindars got perturbed due to the above and started
harassing him he left Dhaka for Faridpur where he died in 1840.
12
15. PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY (DEFINITION AND
EXPLANATION)
Ideological commitment to Islam was basis for Pakistan’s is
creation. “Pakistan Ka Matlab Kiya, La Ilaha Illal-Lah” was the
famous slogan of the freedom movement.
This is based on Muslims being a separate nation, with their own
culture, civilization, literature, religion and way of life. Hence,
merger with other nations is not possible.
When situation got beyond control the Muslims demanded a
separate homeland to protect their national and religious identity.
They were a nation strictly adhering to their religious and national
identity. All out efforts by the British and the Hindus could not rip
Muslim unity and love for their national character.
15
16. THE TWO-NATION THEORY
Pakistan Ideology was founded on ‘The Two-Nation Theory’
which meant that Non-Muslims and Muslims were two separate
nations whose perception of life were different from each other.
Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani was the first to
stress on the separate identity of the Muslims.
But, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first to use the word ‘Two-
Nations’ for the Muslims and Non-Muslims when convinced of the
Hindu and Congress hatred and prejudice towards the Muslims.
16
17. SIR SYED AHMED KHAN (18I7-1898)
PERSONAL LIFE
I. Also known as Syed Ahmed Taqvi. A scholar/reformer who
guided the Muslims who were on the verge of ruin and elimination
from the Indian society due to Hindu British domination.
ii. Born in a noble family got his primary education from his
maternal grandfather including Holy Quran, Arabic and Persian
Literature. He also acquired excellence in History, Mathematics
and Medicine.
17
18. PERSONAL LIFE CONTINUED
iii. On completing his studies, he joined Government service in
1837 and posted as Naib Munshi in Commissioner’s Office in
Agra. After serving in different capacities at different places he
was elevated as the Chief Judge in 1846 and posted at Delhi
where he wrote his book “Aasar us Sanadeed”.
iv. After his transfer to Bijnaur in 1854 he compiled the history
of Bijnaur in 1855.
v.In 1857 during the War of Independence he was working in
Bijnaur and saved lives of many British women and children
risking his own life. For his services the British Government
offered him estate which he declined politely.
v.He was also knighted with ‘SIR’ carrying with it the
nomenclature of KCSI (Knight Commander of the Star
of India). 18
19. MOVEMENTS DONE BY SIR SYED
AHMED KHAN
These can be highlighted as follows:
a.)Aligarh Movement,
b.)Aligarh Muslim Theory and
c.)Two Nation Theory
19
23. A brief chronology of Syed Ahmad's efforts
is given below:
1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad.
1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.
1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. Was involved in
the translation of English works into the native language.
1866: Published till 1926, Aligarh Institute Gazette. Imparted
information on history; ancient/modern science of agriculture,
natural /physical sciences and advanced mathematics.
1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of
Muslims.
1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. O.),
Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English public schools. Later
raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1920.
23
24. 24
ALIGARH MUSLIM THEORY
i. From 1850s, Sir Syed began developing a strong passion for
education. Realising the advantages of Western-style education, being
offered at newly established colleges across India.
ii. Though a devout Muslim, he criticised traditional dogma and
religious orthodoxy, making most Indian Muslims suspicious of British
influences. There future were getting dark.
iii. A descendant of Mughal nobility, was reared in best traditions of
Muslim elite culture fully aware of steady decline of Muslim political
power across India. The animosity between the British and Muslims
before and after Independence War of 1857 threatened to marginalise
Muslim communities for generations.
iv. He intensified his work to promote co-operation with British
authorities, promoting loyalty to the Empire amongst Muslims.
v. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, he founded a
modern madrassa in Muradabad in 1859. It was one of the first religious
schools that imparted scientific education.
25. 25
TWO NATION THEORY
A. He pioneered the two nation theory, used the word ‘two nation’
for Hindus and Muslims after conviction that the Hindus and
Congress had hatred, hostility and prejudice for the Muslims.
B. The entire freedom movement revolved around the above
theory. He considered all those living in India as one nation and
was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the
meeting of Indian Association he said:
“I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and
consider them as my own eyes. By the word ‘Nation’ I mean only
Hindus and Muslims and nothing else. We, both live together on
the same soil under the same government. Our interests and
problems are common, and therefore, I consider the two factions
as one nation.”
26. 26
TWO NATION THEORY CONTINUED
C. An utmost effort was made to make the Muslims realize
their differences with the Hindus regarding religions, social
and language, rational and international identity and thus
he diverted their attention towards a new idea of “Two
Nation” or “Two entities.”
D. After Hindi-Urdu controversy he felt that it was not
possible for Hindus and Muslims to progress as a single
nation. He said:
“I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never
become one nation as their religion and way of life was
quite distinct from each other.”
28. 28
ALLAMA IQBAL (1877-1938) CONTINUED
•Later he proceeded to Europe for higher studies. Having
obtained a degree at Cambridge, he secured his doctorate at
Munich and finally qualified as a barrister.
•On returning to India in 1908; besides teaching and
practicing law, he continued writing poetry. He resigned from
government service in 1911 and started propagating
individual thinking among the Muslims through his poetry.
•A great poet-philosopher and active political leader, was
born at Sialkot.
31. 31
SOME POINTS FOR SEPRATE NATION:
i.) Negation of nation,
ii.) Islam does not believe on the nationalism base,
iii.) Religion and politics are not separate in Islam,
iv.) Islamic state is a welfare state,
v.) Criticism on national democracy,
vi.) Islam can solve economic problems and
vii.) Islam is the complete code of life
Creation of Pakistan is the step towards Pan-Islamism.
32. 32
1930 ALLAMA IQBAL ADDRESS
a. The Allahabad Address, notable for Conception of Pakistan,
was the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal to the 25th
Session of the All-India Muslim League on 29 December 1930,
at Allahabad, India.
b. Here he presented the idea of a separate homeland for
Indian Muslims which was ultimately realised in the form of
Pakistan.
“I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province,
Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State”.
c. The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to
India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The
Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is,
therefore, perfectly justified.
34. 34
JINNAH AS A LEADER
Served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 till
August 14, 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from
August 15, 1947 till his death on September 11, 1948.
He rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially
expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the
1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian
National Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India
Home Rule League.
He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to
safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing
India.
35. 35
JINNAH ACTS AS A LEADER
Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when, Mohandas Gandhi,
launched a law-violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the
British, which he disapproved.
Unlike most Congress leaders, Gandhi never wore western-style
clothes, did his best to use an Indian language instead of English,
and was deeply rooted to Indian culture. His local style of
leadership gained great popularity with the Indian masses.
Jinnah criticised Gandhi's support of Khilafat Movement, which he
saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. By 1920, he resigned
from the Congress, with a prophetic warning that Gandhi's method
of mass struggle would lead to divisions between Hindus and
Muslims and within the two communities.
Becoming president of the Muslim League, Jinnah was drawn into
a conflict between a pro-Congress faction and a pro-British faction.
38. 38
DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN
a. "We are a nation", they claimed in the ever eloquent words
of the Quaid-i-Azam- "We are a nation with our own distinctive
culture and civilization, language and literature, art and
architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and
proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar,
history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have
our own distinctive outlook on life and of life.
By all canons of international law, we are a nation".
40. 40
QUAID-E-AZAM AND TWO NATION THEORY
i.) Concept of separate nation
ii.) Pakistan is the demand for Islam
iii.) Sovereignty of God
iv.) Islamic concept of democracy
v.) National integration
vi.) Safeguard of minorities
vii.) Urdu language
vii.) Defence and
viii.) Bright future
42. 42
Some events that happened for the separate homeland
were:
i. 1857 War of Independence, ii.) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
iii.) 1885 Formation of the Indian National Congress
iv.) 1906 Founding of All-India Muslim League,
v.) 1914-18 World War I
vi. 1919-23 Khilafat Movement, vii.)1928 Nehru Report
viii.) 1929 Fourteen Points of Jinnah,
ix.) 1930 Allama Iqbal Address
x.) 1933 Now or Never Pamphlet,
xi.) 1939-45 World War II xii.)1940 Pakistan Resolution,
xiii.) 1946 The Cabinet Mission
xiv)1947 Creation of Pakistan
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT CONTINUED
43. 43
1857 WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
This war was fought by Indian Muslims and Hindus but after
defeat both of them started thinking differently.
Initial success of the fighters gave the boost to the war of
independence.
Important towns of Haryana, Bihar and Mahdya Pardesh were
captured. Later the British returned and fought the Moghul
Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar; who was defeated and he fled.
After taking control of Dehli the British started large scale
massacre; caught the Shah and deported him to Yangoon
(Rangoon) capital of Burma (now Myannmar).
45. 45
1885 FORMATION OF THE INDIAN
NATIONAL CONGRESS
Founded by Sir Allen Octavian Hume a Civil Servant to unite all
Indians and strengthen bonds with Britain.
Indian National Congress stressed for economic reforms and
wanted a larger role in the making of British policy for India.
In 1920 the Congress began a campaign of passive resistance, led
by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, against restrictions on the
press and political activities.
Though Congress claimed to represent all Indians, many Muslims,
fearful of the Hindu majority, began to withdraw from the Congress.
47. 47
SIR MUHAMMAD SHAFI NAWAB MOHSIN-
UL-MULK
Founded December 30,1906 at Dhaka (now capital of Bangladesh).
•It was here that separate of the Muslims got established and was
named as the All India Muslim League.
•Sir Agha Khan declared as the first President and Nawab
Waqar Ul Mulk Nawab Mohsin Ul Mulk first Joint Secretary.
•First meeting held December 20,1907; later events prove its success
in getting freedom from the clutches of the British and the Hindus.
48. 48
1914-18 WORLD WAR I
i.) Also known as the great war from 1914-1918.
ii.) Machine gun and poison gas were introduced in this battle.
iii.) Was an extremely bloody war, huge losses of life and little
ground lost or won.
iv.) More than 9 million died on the battlefield due to growth of
large army.
49. 49
1919-23 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
a. Clubbed with Non Co-operation Movement. With the thought
that an opportunity had come for a Hindu- Muslim joint movement
against the British.
b. During World War 1 people were against English, Turkish sided
with Germans. But latters defeat gave chance to the English who
created problems for Turkey. Then, the Muslims started a
movement in 1919 called the Khilafat Movement with these goals:.
i. Turkey should remain with the Muslims and should be in the
protection of Turkish. Its boundaries of the should remain those
which were before the World War.
50. 50
ii. Movement had thoroughly roused the country but had little
impact on the British and they attached no importance to it.
iii.) Annoyed by the British attitude the Khilafat Conference at
Karachi called upon the Muslim soldiers in the British Indian
army to quit. However, abrupt suspension of the Non Co-
operation and Khilafat Movement created a different situation.
The Movement leaders got sharply divided.
iv.) A large number of them lost faith in Mahatma, and turned to
the government for help. This movement (1919–1924) was Pan-
Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in
British India to influence the British government and to protect
the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of World War I.
1919-23 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT CONTINUED
51. 51
SIMON COMMISIONSIMON COMMISION 19271927
On 26th November, 1927 a commission was announced byOn 26th November, 1927 a commission was announced by
British Government under the Chairmanship of Sir John Simon .British Government under the Chairmanship of Sir John Simon .
Consisting of 7members. It was charged with the duty ofConsisting of 7members. It was charged with the duty of
investigating Indian constitutional Problem and Dropinvestigating Indian constitutional Problem and Drop
Recommendation for future action .Recommendation for future action .
All members of commission were white with no localAll members of commission were white with no local
representation.representation.
There was negative response of Indians towards theThere was negative response of Indians towards the
commission and they greeted them with slogancommission and they greeted them with slogan " Simon Go" Simon Go
Back , Simon Go Back "Back , Simon Go Back "..
Both Congress and the Muslim League boycotted theBoth Congress and the Muslim League boycotted the
Commission . It was Published in 1930 named Simon Report . ItCommission . It was Published in 1930 named Simon Report . It
had 2 Volumes , first deals with Indian problem andhad 2 Volumes , first deals with Indian problem and ssecondecond
Deals with Recommendation and Proposal.Deals with Recommendation and Proposal.
52. 52
1928 NEHRU REPORT
After the Failure of Simon Commission in 1927, the minister
of India Lord Birkenhead Challenged Indians by saying: "IF
THEY HAVE ANY POLITICAL CAPABILITY AND
COMPETENCE THEN THEY SHOULD FORM A
UNANIMOUS CONSTITUTION AND PRESENT IT TO US
AND WE WILL IMPLEMENT IT".
ANSWER TO THE CHALLENGE OF LORD BIRKENHEAD
First and Second All Party Conference was Held at Delhi on 12
February and 19 May, 1928. Had two Muslim representatives,
namely Sir.Ali Imam and Mr. Shoaib Qureshi .
53. 53
Head of the Constitutional Assembly was Moti Lal Nehru other
members of the Committee were his son Jawaharlal Nehru Sir
Tej Bahadur Sapru, G.R. Pardhan, M.R. Jaikar and N.A. Joshi.
The Committe prepared a report after three months and was
called Nehru Report. It made following recommendations:
1. Ending Separate Electorate.
2. Joint electorate be introduced in proportion to population of
minorities.
3. Refusal to give 1/3 Representation to Muslim in the center.
4. Separation of Sind from Bombay (Mumbai)
5. Full provincial status for N.W.F.P and Balochistan.
6. Foreign Affairs, Army and defence be controlled by the
Parliament and Viceroy.
1928 NEHRU REPORT CONTINUED
54. 54
1928 NEHRU REPORT CONTINUED
REACTION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
The anti-Muslim suggestions of Nehru Report shattered the
Lucknow Pact and the Delhi proposal . Different Muslim leaders
expressed their views and feelings on this report :
COMMENTS OF SIR AGHA KHAN:
Sir Agha Khan said "Any sensible person cannot think Muslim
will accept these insulting conditions"
COMMENTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM:
Quaid-e-Azam on 22 December, 1928 at a failure of Calcutta
convention and due to stubbornness commented on Nehru
Report:
"From now the paths of Hindu and Muslims are
separate"
In short, all Muslim leaders expressed great dislike to the Nehru
Report, but it did not have any effect on Hindus.
55. 55
Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s 14 PointsMuhammad Ali Jinnah’s 14 Points
19291929
With the rejection of the Nehru Report by the Muslim League
Quaid-e-Azam gave his own Fourteen Points Formula at Delhi
which contained the following:
1. Future constitution should be federal; residual powers vested
in the provinces.
2. Provincial autonomy in uniform measures be granted.
3. All legislatures and other elected bodies be constituted on the
definite principle of adequate and effective representation of
minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any
province to a minority or even equality.
4. In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be
less than one third.
56. 56
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S 14 POINTS 1929MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S 14 POINTS 1929
CONTINUEDCONTINUED
5. Communal groups representation should be through separate
electorate as at current, besides; it shall be open to any community
at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of a joint
electorate.
6. Any territorial distribution if necessary at any time shall not in
any way affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the
North West Frontier Province.
7. Full religious liberty, i.e. of belief, worship and observance,
propaganda, association and education, shall be guaranteed to all
communities.
8. No bill or any resolution or any part thereof be passed in any
legislature any other elected body if three-fourth members of any
community in that particular body oppose it as being injurious to
the interests of that community. Alternatively, methods be devised
as may be found feasible and practicable to deal with such cases.
57. 57
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S 14 POINTS 1929MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH’S 14 POINTS 1929
CONTINUEDCONTINUED
9. Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.
10. Reforms should be introduced in the North West Frontier
Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan on the same footing as in the
other provinces.
11. Muslims be given adequate share in the State services along
with other Indians.
12. Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the
protection of Muslim culture and and promotion of Muslim
education, language, religion and civilisation.
13. No cabinet, central or provincial, should be formed without
there being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers.
14. No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central
Legislature except with the concurrence of the State's contribution
of the Indian Federation.
58. 58
1930 ALLAMA IQBAL ADDRESS
The Allahabad Address, notable for Conception of Pakistan, was
the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal to the 25th Session of
the All-India Muslim League on 29 December 1930, at Allahabad,
India.
Here he presented the idea of a separate homeland for Indian
Muslims which was realised in the form of Pakistan. To quote him:
“I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province,
Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State”.
c) European principle of democracy cannot be applied to India
without recognising the fact of communal groups.
d) Hence, Muslim demand for the creation of a separate state is,
therefore, justified.
59. 59
1933 NOW OR NEVER PAMPHLET (CHOUDHRY
RAHMAT ALI)
Also called the “Pakistan Declaration”.
Choudhry Rahmat Ali , one of the founders of Pakistan and living
in England at that time had designed a pamphlet; Now Or Never
(28th January 1933) where Pakistan and its provinces were used
for the first time. He was living in England that time.
Excerpts of the letter are being reproduced:
60. 60
3, Humberstone Road,
Cambridge, England.
28th January, 1933
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am enclosing herewith an appeal on behalf of the thirty million
Muslims of PAKISTAN, who live in the five Northern Units of
India--Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, (Afghania) (NWFP),
Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan.
It embodies their demand for the recognition of their national
status, as distinct from the other inhabitants of India, by the grant
to Pakistan of a separate Federal Constitution on religious, social
and historical grounds.
1933 NOW OR NEVER PAMPHLET (CHOUDHRY
RAHMAT ALI) CONTINUED
61. 61
I shall be pleased if you will kindly acquaint me with your
valuable opinion on the proposed solution of the great Hindu-
Muslim problem. I trust that, vitally interested as you are in a just
and permanent solution of that complex problem, the objects
outlined in the appeal wiIl meet with your fullest approval and
active support.
Yours truly,
Rahmat Ali (Choudhry). (Founder, Pakistan National Movement)
From the foregoing contents of the letter it implies that the
word PAKISTAN has been derived as P-Punjab, A-Afghania
(NWFP), K-Kashmir, S-Sind and TAN-Baluchistan.
1933 NOW OR NEVER PAMPHLET (CHOUDHRY
RAHMAT ALI) CONTINUED
62. 62
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935
Following the Round Table Conferences a White Paper was
issued in 1933 and discussed in the Parliament. A Committee
was set up under the chairmanship of the Viceroy, Lord
Linlithgow for giving their recommendations.
Other members were Sir Agha Khan, Sir Muhammad Zafarullah
Khan, Shafaat Ahmad Khan, Abdur Rahim and A.H. Ghaznavi.
Report of the Committee was published in 1934 which was
contained in a Bill of Law and was presented to the British
Parliament for approval.
This bill was passed and after Royal assent on July 24, 1935
was enforced in the country as Government of India Act, 1935.
It failed to win appreciation from various sectors Indian political
leaders rejected it as it failed to meet the demands of different
political factions. Quaid-e-Azam declared it as ‘a defective
document’. Rajgopalacharia declared it as the worst type ever.
63. 63
1939-45 WORLD WAR II
a. It included all great powers of that time viz; UK, France,
USSR (Soviet Union), Germany, Italy, Japan, USA etc.
b. 100 million people served in the military units.
c. Economic and industrial damages were enormous.
d. Almost every person/business/service was involved
directly or indirectly.
e. 61 countries with a population of 1.7 billion were involved
one way or the other.
f. 50 milion lives were lost and hundreds of million injured.
64. 64
1940 PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
Commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution passed in Lahore,
also called The Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Lahore) on March
23,1940 at Minto Park, Lahore now named Iqbal Park.
Above picture denotes the memorial of the famous place where
this resolution was passed.
It was a formal political statement adopted by the Muslim League-
interpreted as a demand for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan.
The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq, from East
Bengal also later given the title of Sher-e-Bangal.
Although the name "Pakistan" was proposed by Rahmat Ali
Choudhry in his Pakistan Declaration.
65. 65
Crips Mission 1942Crips Mission 1942
• The British government wanted to get cooperation of theThe British government wanted to get cooperation of the
Indians with the war situation. It found it difficult to make theIndians with the war situation. It found it difficult to make the
war a success without the cooperation of both the Hindus andwar a success without the cooperation of both the Hindus and
the Muslims.the Muslims.
On March 22, 1942, Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps with
constitutional proposals.
The important points of the declaration were as follows:
General elections in the provinces would be arranged as soon
as the war ended.
A new Indian dominion, associated with the United Kingdom would be created.
Those provinces not joining the dominion could form their own separate union.
Minorities were to be protected.
Congress rejected this proposal as Gandhi termed it as ‘a post
dated cheque on a failing bank’. The Muslim League rejected them
on the ground that it did not concede Pakistan unequivocally.
66. 66
1946 THE CABINET MISSION
All of the British Government’s attempts to establish peace
between the Congress and the Muslim League had failed. The
Mission's task was to try to bring the leaders of the principle
Indian political parties to agreement on two matters:
a. The method of framing a constitution for a self-governing,
independent India.
b.Setting up of a new Executive Council or interim government
that would hold office while the constitution was being hammered
out.
Main features of the Cabinet Mission were:
1. India would be granted the status of Federation consisting of
Indian Princely States and the British provinces.
2. Federal government look after defense, foreign affairs and
communication while rest of the subjects would be responsibility
of the federating units.
67. 67
Main features of the Cabinet Mission were:
1. India would be granted the status of Federation consisting of
Indian Princely States and the British provinces.
2. Federal government would take charge of defense, foreign
affairs and communication while rest of the subjects would be
responsibility of the federating units.
3. India would be divided into three groups: Group A Bihar,
Bombay, U.P. Madras, Orissa and C.P. Group B Punjab, Sindh,
NWFP and British Baluchistan while group C included Asam and
Bengal. These groups were authorised to frame their constitution
jointly with the other provinces of their respective groups.
4. A constituent assembly would consist of 389 members to draft
the constitution out of whom 292 would be from provinces.
5. Out of these 292, 93 members would be from Princely States
and 4 would be from the areas headed by Chief Commissioners.
1946 THE CABINET MISSION CONTINUED
70. 70
JUNE 03, 1947 PLAN
Prime Minister Atlee declared in Parliament that India would be
freed by 20th
February 1948. Lord Mountbatten was made last
Viceroy replacing Lord Wavell.
Atlee had told Mountbatten to transfer power to the Indians by 1st
June 1948. The latter faced several problems on his arrival.
Muslim League was not prepared to accept anything short of
Pakistan. Congress, on the other hand, was pressing hard for
transferring power to Hindu dominated Constituent Assembly.
Another problem was transfer by June 1948. Fifteen months was
too short a period for resolving the political, constitutional and
administrative issues. Lord Mountbatten soon began negotiations
with the Indian political leaders. After prolonged discussions, he
worked out a partition plan by middle April 1947.
75. 75
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT 1947
Viceroy announced Partition Plan on July 4, 1947. India was
divided into two sovereign States of Pakistan and India.
Princely states were given the option to join any country. Both
countries had the right to remain in the British.
Agreements between the Princely states and the British would
cease once British control over India came to an end.
76. 76
1947 CREATION OF PAKISTAN
The Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed by the British
Parliament that partitioned British India into the two new
independent dominions of India and Pakistan.
On the 14th August the Muslims of India got Pakistan where they
could lead lives according to the (Rule of Islam) that was all the
due to the effort of the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Quaid-e-Azam became the first Governor-General, and
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Here, it is worth mentioning that he was also given the title of
Quaid-e-Millat and following his assassination Shaheed-e-Millat.
79. 79
REFUGEES SETTLED IN INDIA
Hindus from East Pakistan settled across Eastern India.
Many end up in West Bengal, Assam and Tripura.
Some were sent to Andaman Islands.
Refugee camps were set up for Sindhi Hindus
81. 81
ROLE OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
A. BEGUM SHAISTA IKRAMULLA:
Born on July 22, 1915 at Kolkata in the Suharwardy family.
Received education at Kolkata and London.
Was Pakistan’s former ambassador to Morocco and mother-in-
law of Jordan’s Crown Prince Hasan bin Talal and also niece of
Huseyn Shaheed Suharwardy.
She has also earned fame as an author.
Her works in the English language include “Letters To Neena”,
“Behind the Veil” and “From Purdah To Parliament”.
“Common Heritage” was her idea to improve ties between
Pakistan and India by providing a platform to citizens of both
countries who had lived in the Sub Continent before partition.
83. 83
BEGUM SHAH NAWAZ
1. Begum Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz was the daughter of famous
Muslim League leader, Sir Muhammad Shafi.
2. Born in April 1896 and educated at Queen Mary College,
Lahore.
3. She was associated with the education and orphanage
committees of the Anjuman-e-Islam, Lahore.
4. An active member of the All India Muslim Women’s
Conference and President of it’s Provincial Branch for seven
years; besides, Vice President of the Central Committee of the All
India Muslim Women’s Conference.
5. Was a member of the Lahore Municipal Committees and the
first women to be elected Vice President of the Provincial
Executive and also associated with the All India General
Committee of the Red Cross Society.
84. 84
BEGUM SHAH NAWAZ CONTINUED
6. A woman delegate to the Round Table Conferences.
7. In 1935, she founded the Punjab Provincial Women’s
Muslim League.
8.Elected as a member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly in
1937 and appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Education,
Medical relief and Public Health.
9. Became a member of the Women’s Central Sub Committee
of the All India Muslim League in 1938.
10. Passed away on November 27, 1979 at the age of 83.
85. 85
BEGUM TASADDUQ HUSSAIN
1. Real name was Salma Mahmuda, daughter of Mian Fazal Ilahi
Bedil, was born on August 1908 at Gujranwala.
2. With the formation of the Punjab Provincial Women’s Sub
Committee, she became it’s most active member.
3. In 1940, was elected as one of its Secretaries. Helped in
opening Primary Schools and Industrial Homes for girls at Lahore.
4.Rendered valuable services during the elections of 1946.
5. She successfully contested on the Muslim League ticket for
the Punjab Provincial Assembly seat by an overwhelming
majority.
6. The same year she was again taken on the Working
Committee of the Punjab Provincial Muslim League.
7. During the Partition was appointed Refugee Relief Secretary
in the Provincial Muslim League Office. Receiving the refugees,
make arrangements for their boarding and lodging at Lahore.
86. 86
LADY ABDULLAH HAROON
1. Real name was Nusrat Khanum and was born in 1886 in Iran.
2. Her parents migrated to India and later settled in Karachi.
3. Took keen interest in female education started a school.
4. Founded a female organization known as Anjuman-e-Khawateen
to improve the social and economic condition of the women in Sind.
5. In 1919, she entered the political arena and worked as an ardent
supporter of the Khilafat Movement in her Province.
6. Nominated in the Women’s Central Sub Committee of the All
India Muslim League in 1938. Elected President of the Sind
Provincial Women’s Sub Committee.
7. Muslim League owes its existence to Lady Haroon, brought the
Muslim women under the banner of the Muslim League.
8. Made great contributions for the Party during 1946 elections.
9. She died in 1966.
87. 87
LADY GHULAM HUSSAIN HIDAYATULLAH
1. Real name was Sughra Begum and was born in 1904 in a
feudal family of Shikarpur, Sind.
2. Though brought up in strict pudah, Sughra Begum was given a
liberal education, especially in Religion, Urdu, Sindhi and
Elementary English.
3. She began her political career in 1938as a worker of the All
India Muslim League and became the member of the Women’s
Central Sub Committee.
4. It was due to her efforts that various Branches of the Provincial
Sub Committee were formed in different Districts of Sind such as
Hyderabad, Nawabshah and Dadu.
5. In December 1943, during the Annual session of the All India
Muslim League held at Karachi, she was elected President of the
Women’s Reception Committee.
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LADY GHULAM HUSSAIN HIDAYATULLAH CONTINUED
6. Sughra Begum came to Lahore in February 1947 and
took part in political processions.
7. She led a grand procession that marched towards the
Civil Secretariat at the end of February 1947 and hoisted
the Muslim League flag on the Secretariat building.
8. During the partition riots, she actively worked with the
refugees to relieve their sufferings.
9. Passed away in the year 1985.
