This document provides a summary of a presentation on bus ducts and computer networking. It begins with an introduction to bus ducts, explaining their purpose of transferring power from generators to transformers in power stations. It describes the three main types of bus ducts: isolated phase, segregated phase, and non-segregated phase. The second part of the document discusses computer networking, explaining the need for networking and its advantages. It provides an overview of the basic components of BHEL Rudrapur's computer network, including its internet connection, intranet, switches, firewall server, and shared services.

1. A PRESENTATION ON BUS DUCT AND COMPUTER NETWORKING
PRESENTED BY :- VIVEK KUSHWAHA ECE 4TH year Roll no. 59

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
1.BUSDUCT
Introduction to bus duct.
Types of bus duct.
1.Isolated phase bus duct.
2.Segregated phase bus duct.
3.non segregated bus duct.
Design and selection criteria.
2.COMPUTER NETWORKING
Need for computer networking
Advantage of computer networking
Basic component of networking in BHEL, RUDRAPUR
Sharing services
Active directory
Firewall sever
Other features of networking in BHEL,RUDRAPUR

3. 1.BUSDUCTS

4. INTRODUCTION
Almost all coal , nuclear , geothermal , solar thermal electric , as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal.
Commercial electric utility power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for continuous operation.
Electrical power typically uses three-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current(AC) electric power at a frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz.
High power generation requires special equipment's to transfer from source to the sink.

5. INTRODUCTION(cont.)
To transfer the power through grids into various sub stations , the power needs to reach the generator transformer(GT) which steps down the high voltage and current.
This transit occurs with the help of bus duct / bus bar which is capable of carrying current up to 21000A and can be subjected to various weather conditions without substantial losses incurred.

6. INTRODUCTION
Bus ducts or bus bars are used to carry very high current between the generator and associated transformers, in the power stations.
In the power stations the generator voltages vary from 12 KV to 24 KV whereas auxiliary supply voltages are 3.3 KV, 6.6 KV, or 12 KV.
Bus duct forms an electrical link between generator , transformers and associated equipment's. It is an assembly of bus bars with associated joints ,connections and supporting insulators within a grounded metal enclosure.
Bus bars are thick metal connectors, usually of aluminium , which carry large current up to 10 KA. The conductors are metal enclosed, usually aluminium to provide safety and reliable operation.

7. BUS DUC(cont.)
Aluminium has been used for the enclosure, as well as it reduces the magnetic losses.
Aluminium is being used increasingly as bus bar material, in power stations, distribution boards, switchgear, etc. one of the main reasons for this is that it is cheaper to use than copper and making allowance for the light metal’s.

8. TYPES OF BUSDUCTS
Isolated phase bus duct.
(21kv)
segregated phase bus duct. (12kv)
Non segregated phase bus duct.
(6.6kv)
There are three types of bus ducts

9. INTRODUCTION:
An IPBD most commonly used for large power generating unit and popularly known as generator bus duct , serves as an interconnection between generator and it’s associated auxiliary equipment .
Conductors are air insulated and supported in the centre of an enclosure by strategically arranging the insulators . phase to phase circuits are eliminated and no current is induced in the steel work, cable pipes or other metal structures in close to proximity bus duct.
In Isolated Phase Bus duct each phase conductor is enclosed by an individual metal housing and separated from adjacent phase conductor housing by an air space.
Each phase conductor is mounted in an individual enclosure and is carrying a much higher current for a given permissible temperature hence it has a large heat dissipation as compared to segregated and non-segregated phase bus duct.

10. SEGREGATED PHASE BUS DUCT (SPBD)
Metal enclosed bus duct in which all the phase conductors housed in common metal enclosure and segregated by metallic barrier between phases.
Segregated phase bus duct is generally employed in medium voltage systems and serves as interconnection between the switchgear and transformer.
The segregated phase bus duct comprises of three phase conductors running along with barrier made of aluminium alloy.
The non-magnetic barrier provided between phase conductor reduces forces during phase to phase faults and also helps in reducing temperature rise.

11. NON SEGREGATED PHASE BUS DUCT (NSPBD)
Metal enclosed bus duct in which all phase conductors are in common metal enclosure with only air barrier and physical separation between the phases.
NSPBD serves as an interconnection between 1.1KV switchgear/indoor power control centre (PCC)/motor control centre(MCC) and its auxiliary transformer. It is also used for trunking connection between two separate switchgear/PCC/MCC, wherever applicable.

12. DIAGRAM SHOWING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUS DUCT
Isolated Phase Bus-Duct
Segregated Phase Bus- Duct
Non-Segregated Phase Bus-Duct

13. DESIGN AND SELECTION CRITERIA
The bus duct provide a means for carrying high current. It provides high system reliability. The type and rating of bus duct shall be as per system requirement.
The design of bus duct is based on following factors.
The continuous current rating.
Maximum system voltage.
Maximum dynamic and transient forces it may be subjected to during its life span.
The dielectric requirement of the system.
Climatic conditions.

14. SELECTION CRITERIA
The shape and size of bus duct of bus bar/enclosure is selected considering the following aspects.
1)The current carrying capability.
2)The resistivity required for permissible thermal limits.
3)Force between the different conductor in short circuit condition.
4)Skin effect.
5)Proximity effect.
6)Effect of solar radiation on temperature rise.

15. 2.COMPUTER NETWORKING IN BHEL , RUDRAPUR

16. WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORKING ???
•Information and communication are two of the most important strategic issues for the success of every enterprise. While today nearly every organization uses a substantial number of computers and communication tools (telephone , fax , personal hand held devices) , they are often still isolated , many departments still do not communicate and much needed information cannot be readily accessed.
•To overcome these difficulties there is a need for effective computer networking.

17. NEED FOR NETWORKING ???
Computer networks allows the user to access remote program and remote database either from the same organization or from other enterprises or public source.
Computer networks provides communication faster then other facility. Because of these optimal information and communication possibilities , it may increase the organizational learning rate.

18. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKING
FILE SHARING : computer networking makes easy for everyone to access the same file and prevents people from accidentally creating different version.
PRINTER SHARING: with the computer networking several computers are inter- connected with the same printer.
COMMUNICATION AND CALLABORATION : it’s hard for people to work together if no one knows what others are doing. A network allows employees to share , view other people’s work , and exchange ideas more efficiently. In a large office , one can use e-mail and instant messaging tools to communicate quickly and to store for future reference.
ORGANIGATION AND DATA PROTECTION.

19. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKING IN BHEL , RUDRAPUR
INTERNET
(2 MBPS)
INTERANET
(MPLS)
SWITCH (to co-ordinate between services and users)
FIREWALL SERVER
VARIOUS PC CONNECTIONS
ACTIVE DIRECTORY
SHARING SERVICE
WEBSITE SERVER

20. ACTIVE DIRECTORY
Active directory(AD) is a directory that Microsoft has developed for windows domain networks and included for in most windows server operating systems as a set of process and services.
When a user logs into a computer that is a part of windows domain , now these active directory checks the submitted password and determines whether the user is a system administrator or normal user .

21. SHARING SERVICES
 shared services is the provision of a service by one part of an organization or group where that service had previously been found in more than one part of the organization or group . Thus the funding and resourcing of the service is shared and then provided.
All the departments upload the files that need to be shared on the BHEL , RUDRAPUR website which can only be accessed from within the organization.

22. FIREWALL SERVER
A firewall protect the local area network(LAN) or even a single computer against outside intrusion.
It acts as a filter outside world and private networks.
The term “firewall” doesn’t actually refer to any device . A firewall can be a piece of hardware or a software , and more than one type of firewall can be used to provide extra network security.
The various websites that have blocked for employee access in the organization are:
Social network sites( facebook,twitter,orkut etc.)
Sites for entertainment purpose.

23. OTHER FEATURES OF THE NETWORKING OF BHEL RUDRAPUR
For the organization under study , BHEL , RUDRAPUR out of the 115 computers , 75 are regular computers are while 40 are on contract basis.
Each employees is assigned with a username and a password which is required to unlock his/her assigned computer.
Therefore each PC can be unlocked using two passwords. One , the employee password the other , the ADMIN id and password.

24. THANK YOU