1. what is a system?
A system is a collection on interrelated components
that work together to perform a specific task or
achieve a goal. In a system, the different
components are connected with each other and they
are interdependent. Each component is a subsystem
of the original system and carries out a part of the
system task.
2. Two Types of Systems
Natural Systems
Man Made Systems
4. Natural Systems
Eg.
The human body represents a complete natural system. Our
human body contains complex muscle, bone, respiratory,
digestive and circulatory subsystems, each providing a specific
part of the system task.
5.
6. Man Made Systems
Social Systems
Formal Organization
Transport Systems
Communication Systems
Automated Systems
7. Let us consider the respiratory subsystem
which provides air to the body from the
environment. Some of the components of the
respiratory
subsystem
includes
nasal
passages, lungs etc.
Each component, such as lungs, can itself be
considered as a subsystem. Similarly, the
heart and blood vessels can be considered as
components of the circulatory subsystem.
8. What Is an Information System?
Data:
Streams of raw facts representing events such as
business transactions
Information:
Clusters of facts that are meaningful and useful to
human beings in the processes such as making
decisions
14. What is MIS ?
Keen Definition
MIS is the development and use of effective information
systems in organization.
Broad Definition
The design and use of effective information systems in
business.
Narrow Definition
An information system that facilitates management by
producing structured, summarized reports on a regular and
recurring basis.
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15. Problems with MIS
Lack of management involvement with the design of the
MIS.
Narrow and/or inappropriate emphasis of the computer
system.
Undue concentration on how low level data processing
applications particularly in the accounting area.
Lack of management knowledge of computers.
Poor appreciation by information by information specialists
of management’s true information requirements and of
organizational problems.
Lack of top management support.
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16. Key Points
Information increases knowledge, reduces uncertainty,
adds value when used.
Data are facts which have been recorded.
Information is processed data which is understood by the
user.
The value of information comes from its use.
Good information is :- relevant, accurate, in time to be
used, sent to the right person, and is understandable.
Communication systems include a source, a message, and
the destination
A MIS provides managers at all levels with appropriate
information for planning, control and decision making.
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17. Relationship between Data Processing & MIS
Characteristics of MIS
Oriented toward Decision Making
Summary Information
Medium & Long Range
Prediction & Control Oriented
Characteristics of Data Processing
Perform the Transaction Processing
Detail Data
Short Range
Real Time
Daily Operation Oriented
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18. The Part of an Information
System
Personnel
Hardware
Inputs
Processes
Programs
Procedures
Outputs
Data
Files
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19. The parts of an information
system
Inputs
Processes
Data Files
Outputs
Personnel
Hardware
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20. Systems
Named collection of processors tat satisfy
some functional need of the business.
Combination of manual and computer
processors.
Will take into account the needs of many
functional areas.
Considers the day-to-day and management
information needs of the organization.
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21. Goals of Systems include
Supporting the business needs.
Supporting management decision making
Integration with other systems.
Reacting to business and technology
change.
Acceptance and exploitation by employees.
Providing a competitive edge.
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23. Development of systems is far from
easy…?
Process of converting more abstract
concepts into more absolute products.
Many problems to overcome…
Business problems.
Technologies, tools and technique
problems.
Attitudes of the users and exiting
development staff.
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24. Business problems
The lack of a clear direction.
A rapid rate of change.
No commitments from senior management.
Conflicting requirements.
Differences in management style.
Multiple solutions to the same problem.
Differing levels of responsibility.
Lack of control.
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25. Technologies, tools, techniques
The proliferation of micro-computers.
Short life- span of the hardware.
A vast range of non-integrated software.
Instant worldwide communication raising
expectation levels.
Tools emerging only recently to help
control development.
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26. Attitudes of users and development staff
Users often do not know what they really want
or need.
Users find it difficult to communicate their
requirements.
Systems builders cannot or will not listen to their
users and rarely build what is needed.
System builders are are often the last people to
accept change in their own domain.
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27. Consequences of problems
Systems
More costly than estimated.
Arrived later than expected.
Not met the requirements of users.
With serious maintenance problems and
work load.
Application backlog – Software crisis.
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28. Software Crisis – A problem of
Demand and supply of Quality
products
Demand
1985 = World Wide Software Cost = US
$ 140M
Observed growth rate = 12% /year
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29. Software Crisis – A problem of
Demand and supply of Quality
Products
Supply Status
1979 – Only in 7 (seven) US Govt Projects.
Paid for but not delivered
= US
Delivered but not used
= US
Abandoned or reworked
= US
Used after changes
= US
Used as delivered
= US
$
$
$
$
$
3.2
2.0
1.3
0.2
0.1
Million
Million
Million
Million
Million
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30. Structure programming Techniques.
Systems Life Cycle Approach.
Structured Systems Development
Methodologies.
Prototyping and CASE orientation.
Reusable Software Libraries.
Formal Methods.
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