More Related Content Similar to Psych 1 clinical disorders Similar to Psych 1 clinical disorders (20) More from tlassiter80 (15) Psych 1 clinical disorders2. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?
• Four criteria help distinguish normal from
abnormal behavior:
• Statistical infrequency
• Violation of social norms
• Problematic criterion on its own
• Personal distress
• Level of impairment
• Interferes with ability to function
3. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PREVALENCE OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS
• 26% of Americans over 18 have diagnosable
psychological disorders within a given year;
46% lifetime prevalence
• Psychological disorders are leading cause of
disability in U.S. and Canada for individuals
between 15 and 44
6. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
EXPLAINING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS:
PERSPECTIVES REVISITED
• Western cultures explain abnormal behavior
through three perspectives:
•Biological theories
•Psychological theories
•Social or cultural theories
7. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES: THE MEDICAL
MODEL
• Abnormal behavior attributable to physical
processes:
• Genetics, hormone/neurotransmitter
imbalance, brain/bodily dysfunction
• Also called the medical model
• Emphasizes diagnosis, treatment, and
cure, in similar manner to physical illnesses
8. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES: HUMANE
TREATMENT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
• Internal & external stressors result in
abnormal behavior
• Four predominant perspectives
• Psychoanalytic: unconscious conflicts
• Social-learning: past learning and
modeling
• Cognitive: ineffective mental processes
• Humanistic: distorted perception of self
and reality
9. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SOCIOCULTURAL THEORIES:
• Internal biological and psychological
processes can only be understood in
context of social factors
• Culture, age, race, sex, gender-
identity, sexual orientation,
religion/spirituality, socioeconomic
status, and social conditions must be
taken into consideration in evaluating
abnormal behavior
10. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL:
INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES
• No one perspective is “correct”
• Most disorders are a result of biological
psychological, & social factors
• No one single “cause”
11. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
THE DSM MODEL FOR CLASSIFYING
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
• Ability to describe behavior is more
advanced than understanding of causes
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, now in fourth revision (DSM-IV-TR)
• Lists specific, concrete criteria for diagnosis
• Atheoretical: does not address causes of
mental illness
12. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL EVALUATION
• Five dimensions for evaluation, known as
axes
• Axis I: clinical disorders
• 15 major categories
• Axis II: personality disorders; mental
retardation
• Axis III: general medical conditions
• Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental
problems
• Axis V: global assessment of functioning
13. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
ANXIETY DISORDERS: NOT JUST “NERVES”
Four components:
• Physical: activation of sympathetic
nervous system and hormonal system
(fight-or-flight)
• Cognitive: unrealistic thoughts
(exaggerated danger, fear losing control,
paranoia)
• Emotional: terror, panic, irritability
• Behavioral: coping (freezing, aggression)
14. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PANIC ATTACK
• Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, which
usually peaks within 10 minutes.
• And… 4 of the following:
• Racing Heart Sweating
• Trembling Shortness of breath
• Choking Chest discomfort
• Nausea Dizziness/lightheadedness
15. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PANIC ATTACK
• Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, which
usually peaks within 10 minutes.
• And… 4 of the following:
• Derealization Depersonalization (detached from self)
• Fear of dying Fear of losing control/going crazy
• Numbness Chills or hot flashes
16. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PANIC DISORDER W/O AGORAPHOBIA
• Recurrent Panic attacks, followed by one or more
(for at least 1 month):
• Persistent concern about future attacks
• Worry About implications of attack (heart attack;
“crazy”)
• Significant change in behavior
*30 - 40% of young Americans report occasional attacks
17. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PANIC DISORDER WITH AGORAPHOBIA
• Panic Disorder AND…
• Agoraphobia: “fear of the marketplace”
• Anxiety & avoidance of
places/situations where help may not
be available if panic occurs.
18. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
GAD
• Excessive worry, most days, at least 6 months
• Difficulty controlling the worry
• 3 or more of 6 symptoms, most days:
• Restless/”on edge” Easily fatigued
• Difficulty concentrating Irritability
• Muscle tension Sleep
disturbance
• “clinically significant distress” or impaired
functioning
19. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
OCD
• A. Obsessions Or compulsions that cause marked
distress or impairment in functioning.
• Obsessions: persistent, intrusive thoughts, images
and impulses.
• Product of own mind (e.g., not hallucinations)
• Difficulty ignoring or suppressing obsessions
• Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts
(to reduce distress and anxiety…attempt to prevent
fear from occurring in an unrealistic way).
20. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PTSD
• Exposure to traumatic event
• “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or physical
integrity”
• Response involved intense fear, helplessness
• Reexperience event: images, dreams, reliving, or
intense distress from triggers of event
• Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with
trauma
• Avoid: thoughts, feelings, activities, loss of recall,
detachment form others, restricted affect, etc
21. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PTSD
• Duration is more than 1 month
• Less than 1 month= acute distress disorder
• Acute or chronic
• Duration of symptoms less than 3 months, or longer
23. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PHOBIC DISORDERS
• Intense fears vs. normal fears
• intense fears causing anxiety, possibly panic
attacks, that interfere with functioning
• Specific phobias: persistent fear and
avoidance of object or situation
• Most common, 8% lifetime
• Usually begin in childhood
• Social phobias
• Irrational fear of being negatively evaluated by
others in social situations
24. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
EXPLAINING ANXIETY DISORDERS:
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Social learning
• Phobias develop through
• classical conditioning
• observational learning
• behaviors reinforced by avoidance of
fears (operant conditioning)
• Reinforcement in compulsions
• Cognitive
• Misinterpretation of bodily sensations in panic
• Negative and catastrophic thinking heighten
anxiety
25. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
ANXIETY DISORDERS
• Common Disorders: Panic Disorder, Specific Phobia,
Social Phobia, GAD, PTSD, OCD
• Panic Disorder: 20% have attempted suicide
• Similar suicide rates as depression
• Suicide risk highest when comorbid with depression
• ~50% with an anxiety disorder have another disorder
26. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SUICIDE: RATES & FACTS
• 32,000 Americans complete suicide a year
(12 people per 100,000; 85 per day).
• A person is more likely to die by suicide than
to be murdered in the U.S.
• Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death
overall in the U.S., yet 2nd for college
students.
• Guns are used in more than half of
completed suicides.
• Females 3x attempts; Males 4x completions
Source: (Granello & Granello, 2007)
27. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SUICIDE: INCREASED RISK
• Abuse and Assault (Granello & Granello, 2007).
• Women with a history of sexual assault during childhood or
adulthood have a higher risk for suicide attempts (Ullman &
Brucklin, 2002).
• The more types of abuse, the higher the risk (Ullman & Brucklin, 2002).
• Family History of Suicide
• 11 times the risk (AAS, 2009).
• Eating Disorders
• Over 20x Suicide Mortality (Death) rate (AAS, 2009; Harris &
Barraclough,1997)
• HIghest Mortality rate for Anorexia Nervosa (AAS, 2009).
29. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
EXPLAINING MOOD DISORDERS:
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Genetics
• Family, twin and adoption studies show genetic transmission
(clearer for bipolar than major depression)
• Neurotransmitters
• Serotonin and norepinephrine abnormalities
• Hormones
• Repeated activation of hormonal stress system may lay
ground for depression
30. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
EXPLAINING MOOD DISORDERS:
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Psychoanalytic: unresolved childhood issues,
symbolic expression of anger
• Attachment: insecure attachments,
separations, losses increase vulnerability
• Behavioral/learning: reduction in positive
reinforcers from others
• Learned helplessness
• Ruminative coping style
• Cognitive research: cognitive distortions and
attributions of events
31. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
EXPLAINING MOOD DISORDERS:
SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS
• Depression more likely among people of
lower social status
• Cross-culturally, more women than men
• Biological: hormonal imbalance
• Psychological: ruminative coping, relational style
• Social: less power, more victimized, gender-role
socialization
33. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
UNIPOLAR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
• Depression is leading cause of disability in
U.S. and worldwide
• 17% acute episode in lifetime; 6% chronic
• Average age of onset is 32
• 15 to 24 years at highest risk for major depressive episode
• Women more likely to experience than men
• European American have highest risk, but
African and Hispanic American more severe
34. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
BIPOLAR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS:
THE PRESENCE OF MANIA
• 2.6% lifetime, late adolescence, early
adulthood
• Bipolar disorder
• Shift in mood between two states (poles)
• Depression to mania characterized by high energy,
impulsiveness, euphoria
• Cyclothymic disorder
• Less severe, but more chronic, form of bipolar
• Alternates between milder periods of mania and moderate
depression
35. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
MOOD DISORDERS: BEYOND THE BLUES
• Significant change in one’s emotional state
• 9.5% per year
• Although most experience some depression,
clinical depression is related to length of
time symptoms exist and interference with
functioning
• Symptoms exist even in absence of
triggering events
36. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
UNIPOLAR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS:
A CHANGE TO SADNESS
• Major depression
• Extreme sadness (dysphoria) or extreme apathy (loss of
interest in activities) plus four other symptoms for at least
two weeks
• May be single or repeated episodes
• Dysthymic disorder
• Less severe, more chronic form of depression
• Depressed mood plus two other symptoms lasting at least
two years
37. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER NOS
• NOS means “Not Otherwise Specified”
• This is a “catch all” category for those who do not fit
neatly into the other categories
38. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
MOOD DISORDERS & SUICIDE
• Double Depression: MDD & Dysthymic Disorder
• “Dual Diagnosis”: Mental Disorder and Substance
Abuse or Dependence Disorder
39. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
MANIA
• A distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or
irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or hospitalization
required)
• 3 criteria must be met
• 4 if mood is irritable instead of elevated
40. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
MANIA
• Criteria 3 must be met “to a significant degree”
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• Decreased need for sleep (rested after 3 hours a night)
• More talkative/ “Pressured speech”
• Racing Thoughts for “Flight of ideas”
• Distractibility
• Increased goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
• Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with high
chance of painful consequences
41. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
HYPOMANIC EPISODE
• A distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or
irritable mood, lasting at least 4 days
• 3 criteria must be met
• 4 if mood is irritable instead of elevated
• Not severe enough to hospitalize; no psychotic features
42. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
HYPOMANIA
• Criteria 3 must be met “to a significant degree”
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• Decreased need for sleep (rested after 3 hours a night)
• More talkative/ “Pressured speech”
• Racing Thoughts for “Flight of ideas”
• Distractibility
• Increased goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
• Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with high
chance of painful consequences
43. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
BIPOLAR I DISORDER
• Presence of a Manic Episode
• Bipolar II: One or more depressive episodes with at least
one Hypomanic Episode (No full manic episode)
44. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SCHIZOPHRENIA
• From Greek…“split mind” is a misnomer
• Affects approximately 1-2% of population in lifetime
• Strong biological component
• Identical (monozygotic) twin ~ 50%
• Schizophrenia or Mood disorder with psychotic
features?.. often difficult to determine
• Many call this disorder “the schizophrenias”
45. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SCHIZOPHRENIA
A. 2 or more of these criteria:
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized speech
• Grossly disorganized, or catatonic behavior
• Negative symptoms (affective flattening, alogia, or
avolition)
•Only 1 criteria needed if: bizaare delusions, voice
keeping commentary of person’s behaviors and
thoughts, two or more voices conversing together.
46. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
• Positive and negative symptoms exist in
schizophrenia
• Positive: increase in behaviors (i.e.unusual perceptions,
thoughts, behaviors)
• Negative: loss of behaviors (i.e. motor movements, social
withdrawal, etc.)
• Some show both positive and negative
• Better outcome for treatment in cases
where predominantly positive symptoms
47. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
2 TYPES OF SYMPTOMS
• Between 50-70% experience positive symptoms
Positive Symptoms:
• Hallucinations (auditory most common)
• Delusions
Delusion of grandeur: “I can save the world by sacrificing
myself”
Delusion of persecution: “The FBI and CIA are out ot get me
and have bugged all of my electronic devices”
48. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
2 TYPES OF SYMPTOMS
• Negative:
• Avolition: inability to persist in daily activities (unable to
groom, shower, etc).
• Alogia: Relative absence of speech (brief replies, with little
content; for example, one word answers).
• Anhedonia: Loss of pleasure / interest
• Affective flattening: show almost no emotion, even when
you’d expect strong emotional display.
• Disorganized:
• Disorganized speech, thought process
• Tangential thought process
50. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Disordered thoughts
• Thought disorder: lack of association between ideas and
events
• Loose associations, poverty of content,
word salad
• Delusions: thoughts and beliefs the person believes to be
true, while having no basis in reality
• Persecutory, grandiose, delusions of
reference, delusions of thought control
51. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA (CONT.)
• Disordered perceptions: hallucinations
• Perceiving sensations that others don’t
• Auditory hallucinations most common
• Visual hallucinations
• Hallucinations may “tell” person to perform certain acts
• Disordered affect: distorted emotional
expression
• Blunted, flat affect
• Inappropriate affect
53. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
EXPLAINING SCHIZOPHRENIA: THE BRAIN
• Neurotransmitters
• Dopamine: reducing dopamine activity can help in
reducing positive symptoms
• Glutamate: drugs that block can cause cognitive
impairments and negative symptoms
• What is role of interaction?
• Brain abnormalities
• Enlarged ventricles
• Brain dysfunction in temporal and frontal lobes
54. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SCHIZOPHRENIA: THE ROLE OF FAMILY
AND ENVIRONMENT
• Two psychological factors involved in onset
and course of disorder
• Family support
• Quality of family communication and interaction; may
encourage/discourage development of disorder, also
trigger future episodes
• Exposure to chronic stress
• High-risk, low-income lifestyle may increase susceptibility
55. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS: FLIGHT OR
MULTIPLE PERSONALITIES
• Relatively rare disorders
• Dissociation: to break or pull apart
• Mild dissociative experiences are common
• Extreme dissociation typically linked to
severe stress or emotional trauma
• Dissociative fugue
• Episodes of amnesia with inability to recall or confusion
about identity; new identity may be established
• Return to original identity causes distress
57. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS: FLIGHT OR
MULTIPLE PERSONALITIES (CONT.)
• Dissociative identity disorder
• Existence of 2 or more separate personalities in same
individual
• Separate personalities (alters) may not be known to “host”
personality
• Frequent blackouts or amnesia episodes common
• Chronic childhood physical/sexual abuse
may be causal factor
• Validity of DID? May be extreme PTSD
58. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
SOMATOFORM DISORDER:
“DOCTOR, I’M SURE I’M SICK”
• Somatoform disorders
• Physical complaints for which no physical causes can be
found
• Hypochondriasis: person believes there is a
serious medical disease, despite no
confirmation by medical tests
• Often have family history of depression or anxiety
• May be related to panic disorder and OCD
60. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
PERSONALITY DISORDERS: MALADAPTIVE
PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
• Coded on Axis II of DSM-IV-TR
• Life-long or long-standing patterns of
malfunctioning
• Behavior is maladaptive to self or others
• Behavior is seen across many situations, for long periods of
time
• Often don’t see there’s a problem; seldom
seek treatment on own
62. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER:
CHARMING AND DANGEROUS
• Impulsive, disregard rights of others without
remorse or guilt; psychopath or sociopath
• Correlated with criminal behavior/ incarceration
• May be charming and manipulative
• One of most common personality disorders;
many more men than women
• Biological factors: genetic, lower serotonin,
higher testosterone
• Psychological/social: conflict-filled
childhood
63. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER:
LIVING ON YOUR FAULT LINE
• Instability in moods, interpersonal
relationships, self-image, and behavior
• Disrupts relationships, careers, and identity
• Higher risk of self-injury and suicide
• Often diagnosed with other disorders
• 2%; more in young women
• Biological: low serotonin, abnormal brain
functioning
• Psychological/social; family history of abuse
or neglect
64. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo
Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1st
edition
© 2010 Cengage Learning
HOW GOOD IS THE DSM MODEL?
• Reliability (consistency) and validity
(accuracy) good for Axis I, but not Axis II
• Standard criteria do not necessarily mean
accurate diagnoses will be made
• Judgments of clinicians can be skewed by gender, race, or
culture, consciously and unconsciously
• Some feel the DSM model of labeling may
lead to negative effects - self-fulfilling
prophecy
Editor's Notes « Discussion Tip
To emphasize the variability in social norms, discuss with students behaviors that we often consider normal but are perceived as offensive or abnormal in other cultures such as eye contact or eating cow meat. Conversely, mention behaviors that are engaged in other cultures, such as drinking blood or the whole family sleeping together, that many students in this country find odd.
Figure 13.1 Lifetime Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
Almost half of United States adults will suffer from a psychological disorder at some time in their life.
Figure 13.2 Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Antisocial Personality Disorder in Women and Men
« Teaching Tip
To help students differentiate the various theoretical perspectives on abnormality, show a short video clip or have students read a short case study of someone who has a mental illness. Then divide students into groups, and have them analyze the case from each of the different perspectives, noting how each theory would view the cause of the individual’s behavior. Ask students to formulate an integrated perspective on the person’s behavior.
« Technology Tip
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ The National Institute of Mental Health site provides information and resources on many of the mental health disorders discussed in the chapter.
« Teaching Tip
Bring the DSM to class and pass it around to students so that they can see its general structure and format.
<<Teaching Tip
Review Table 13.2, Axis I Major Categories of Mental Disorders as an introduction to categories covered in chapter.
« Technology Tip
http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/ The Center for Mental Health Services, sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, features information on children’s mental health, suicide prevention, managing anxiety, and more.
« Discussion Tip
Ask students to identify those situations that make them nervous or anxious, and write them on the board or on an overhead transparency. Then outline the four components of anxiety present in some or all of these situations so that students can see how the components interact.
Figure 13.3 Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders in a Given Year
Among adults 18 years of age or older, social and specific phobias are more commonly diagnosed in any given year, as the age of onset for the phobias is typically earlier than for other anxiety disorders.
« Discussion Tip
To illustrate the nature of cognitive factors in anxiety disorders, discuss with students what thoughts they typically have when they are nervous or anxious. Do these thoughts lessen or increase their anxiety?
Figure 13.4 U.S. Death Rates for Suicide by Gender and Ethnicity in 2005
Although women attempt suicide more often, men across all ethnic groups are more likely to commit suicide.
Source: National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol 56, No. 10, January, 2008.
« Discussion Tip
Discuss with students the types of thoughts that often make us depressed. How do these thoughts differ from the types of thoughts that we have when we are anxious?
Figure 13.5 Women and Depression
Biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces unique to women may explain their higher vulnerability to depressive disorders.
« Discussion Tip
Discuss why major depression and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder are easier to recognize than mania. In a competitive, individualistic society such as the United States, which symptoms of mania may be valued and therefore less likely to receive attention from family, friends, and clinicians?
« Technology Tip
http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.html Dr. Ivan’s Depression Central site provides information on the depressive disorders and their most effective treatments.
Table 13.3
DSM-IV-TR Types of Schizophrenia
« Teaching Tip
Consider showing short clips from several movies to illustrate the varied symptoms of schizophrenia. Many students have seen A Beautiful Mind, but few have seen One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest or The Fisher King, which also depict the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Figure 13.6 Risk of Schizophrenia and Genetic Relatedness
The incidence of schizophrenia in the general population is 1–2%. However, the more closely one is genetically related to a person with schizophrenia, the higher the risk of developing the disorder.
Reprinted by permission of Irving I. Gottesman.
« Discussion Tip
Discuss with students how family interactions may change once a person in that family has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Table 13.4
Types of Dissociative Disorders
« Discussion Tip
To illustrate the role of learning in the somatoform disorders, ask students how they were treated when they were sick in childhood. Did they learn that being sick was good? Did they receive any reinforcers? Did they ever try to fake being sick in order to avoid someone or something? Discuss how being physically sick is often less stigmatizing in society than being diagnosed with a mental health disorder.
Table 13.5
Types of Somatoform Disorders
Table 13.6
Types of Personality Disorders
« Technology Tip
http://www.bpdcentral.com/ BPD Central is a list of resources for people who care about someone with borderline personality disorder (BPD).
« Technology Tip
http://www.mentalhealth.com/ A comprehensive site containing information related to the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness.
« Discussion Tip
Discuss with students the effect of labeling on behavior. For example, if we say that someone is depressed, how might this label influence the person’s behavior? Once we are labeled in a certain way by our family and friends, how then are behaviors that do not conform to this label interpreted?