Classroom response systems ("clickers") offer a powerful way to increase student engagement by going beyond simple quizzes. They provide an opportunity to gather real-time feedback on student understanding. If you are new to clickers or need fresh ideas for using clickers in the classroom, please join us as we explore best clicker practices and provide tips and suggestions for using clickers in your class and for writing great questions.
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Engaging students with clickers with "best practices"
1. The Gentle Art of Questioning
Best Practices in Clicker Use
1
Dr. Stephanie V. ChasteenÂ
Science Education Initiative
Univ. of Colorado at Boulder
http://colorado.edu/sei
&
Dustin Jensen
i>clicker
Email: stephanie.chasteen@colorado.edu
2. Have you used response systems (clickers) in your
teaching?
Take a clicker & turn it on
If the green light flashes, your
vote has been counted
A. Not at all, and I havenât seen them used
ď Not at all, but Iâve observed their use somewhat
ď Iâve used them a little
ď Iâve used them some
ď I could be (should be?) giving this workshop
2
4. Clickers are a tool for questioning
But not a magic bullet!
R em em b er :
Donât confuse the pedagogy with the technology!
The perfect question doesnât solve all problems!
4
6. Why Clickers?
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6
7. Are students paying attention to your lecture?
What is the typical attention span of a student while
listening to a lecture?
A B C D
15 30 45 60
minutes minutes minutes minutes
7
8. Are you surprised?
Various studies show that after 10-20 minutes,
studentsâ minds begin to wander and retention of
information falls off dramatically.
Taking notes and asking questions
occupies only 49% of the studentsâ
time during lecture;
the remainder is spent thinking
about people, time, body, and
fantasy.
8
9. The need for clickersâŚ
Reset the students clocks
Receive immediate feedback
Promotes participation and active learning
9
10. Benefits of Clickers
ď Get students participating
ď Peer instruction ď Identify student knowledge
ď Clicker points ď 2 way communication tool
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11. Use clickers to emphasize important points
Students may not pay attention to what you feel is
important; they pay attention to what they think is
important.
VS.
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12. Should I give students clicker points?
Donât make your class a stressful environment!
The learning process is enhanced when students
are not overly anxious to participate, so low-stakes
grading is advised.
Example:
.7 for participating
.3 for correct answer
12
13. Know if your students are getting it!
If they arenât, then the instructor can present the
information in an alternative way.
Donât wait until you see poor grades on the exam.
University of New Mexico
13
14. Why use clickers to ask questions?
ď Similar goals to non-clicker
questions
ď Anonymous (to peers)
ď Every student has a voice â the
loud ones and the shy ones
ď Forced wait time
What does this tool help
ď You can withhold the answer us to do?
until everyone has had time to
think (choose when to show the
histogram)
14
16. What do students like least about clickers?
A. High stake questions
B. Only used on occasion
C. Used for attendance only
D. Seeing the same question types over and over
E. All of the above
A. Used for attendance only
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17. If you must take attendanceâŚ
Take attendance without your students knowing...
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18. What do students like most about using clickers?
A. Provides anonymity
B. Promotes participation and active learning
C. A way to earn extra points
D. Everyone has a voice (at least a clicker voice)
E. All of the above
B. Promotes participation and active learning
18
19. University of New Mexico
Research shows that
fewer than half of 18-25
year olds learn
effectively by passively
listening to a lecture. Â
19
20. How do students learn?
Most people learn by -
ďś actively engaging critical concepts,
ďś applying those concepts,
ďś and confronting their misconceptions about the subject
matter.
These actions are effectively done in lecture settings by
breaking up lecture time with âclicker questions.â
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24. Anatomy of Peer Instruction
Ask Question
âŚLecture⌠(Maybe vote)
Class Discussion Peer Discussion
Vote
24 * See also: Peer Instruction, A Userâs Manual.  E. Mazur. Â
25. Peer Instruction
Given that a large tree
grows from a tiny seed,
where does most of the
mass of the solid
tissues in the tree come
from?
A. Water B. Dirt and Soil C. Air D. Itâs already in the seed
25
26. Peer Instruction Helps Students Learn
Research shows that:
ď Students like peer instruction
ď Students can better answer a similar question after
talking to their peers
ď Peer discussion + instructor explanation works better
than either one alone
ď Peer instruction outperforms traditional lectures on a
common test
See http://STEMclickers.colorado.edu for various references
26
27.
28. Burning questions?
Ask Question
âŚLecture⌠(Maybe vote)
Class Discussion Peer Discussion
Vote
28 * See also: Peer Instruction, A Userâs Manual.  E. Mazur. Â
29. I think the toughest thing about using clickers
and peer instruction in class is / will be:
⢠Writing good questions
⢠Getting students to really think about the questions
⢠The same students always respond in whole class
discussion
⢠It takes too long / I have a lot of content to cover
⢠Something else
30. Focusing in on question-writing
Ask Question
âŚLecture⌠(Maybe vote)
Class Discussion Peer Discussion
Vote
30 * See also: Peer Instruction, A Userâs Manual.  E. Mazur. Â
31. Some possible question goals
BEFORE
Setting up instruction DURING
Developing
E.g.: knowledge
Motivate Application
Assess prior knowledge Elicit misconception
⌠(handout!) âŚ
AFTER Relate to big picture
Assessing Demonstrate success
learning
âŚ
Credit: Rosie Piller and Ian Beatty.
32. Example question: Physics
20
What is the goal of this question?Â
Which superpower would you  When might you use it?
rather have? The ability toâŚ
D.Change the mass of things
E.Change the charge of things
F.Change the magnetization of things
G.Change the boiling point of things
Question: Ian Beatty, UNC Greensboro Image: Thibault fr on
32
Wikimedia
33. Example question: Literature
If Homer wrote the Iliad today, Stanley Fish and Harold
Bloom would argue, respectively, whether the work should
be categorized as:
C.Existential vs. Romantic What is the goal of this question? Â
D.Postmodern vs Classical When might you use it?
E.Modern vs Romantic
F.Postcolonial vs Modern
G.Preliterate vs Postliterate
The Technology Enhanced Learning and
Research center at Ohio State
Origin unknown
33
34. Example question: Ethics
If you were a judge, how would you assess the âresponsibilityâ of
the U.S. Government, for what happened in the world between
1933 and 1945?
C.Not responsible
D.Minimally responsible
E.Responsible
F.Very responsible
What is the goal of this question?  WhatÂ
is the level of this question?
Origin unknown
34
35. Use questions at a variety of cognitive depth
Do the questions you use intellectually
challenge your students or simply assess their
factual knowledge?
Higher order
----------------
Lower order
handout
35
36. Example question: English
The child apprized her father's authority and behaved
herself in church. Apprized means
C.Appreciated
D.Compromised
E.Defied
F. Noted
36
37. Example question: Math
Your sister in law calls to say that sheâs having twins. Which of
the following is the most likely? (Assume sheâs having
fraternal, not identical, twins)
C. Twin boys
D. Twin girls
E. One girl and one boy
F. All are equally likely
Derek Bruff, Vanderbilt
37
38. Question-writing tips
ď Use questions with a variety of pedagogical goals
ď Use questions at a mixture of cognitive depth
ď Move away from simple quizzes: use questions that
prompt discussion
ď Use questions that emphasize reasoning or process
ď Ask challenging questions â donât just test memorized
facts
ď Focus on key learning goals â what do you want them
to know?
ď Use clear wording
ď Use tempting distracters See handout
38
39. Effective multiple-choice questions have believable
âdistracters.â
39
1. Talking with other instructors that
have taught the course in the past.
2. Talking with your students one-on-
one before class, after class, during
office hours.
3. Using student responses to open-
ended questions that you include in
HW and exams.
4. Asking your students to come up with
answers that will be used as the
choices.
5. Use researched and documented
student misconceptions.
39
D. Duncan, Univ. of Colorado
40. An example question
What causes the seasons?
A. The change in the earthâs distance from the sun
during the year
Bad question.
B. The tilt of the earths axis Students can
C. Changes in the sunâs brightness answer by
memorizing a
D. Changes in clouds word (âtiltâ)
E. None of the above
Can we make a better question on the SAME topic?
YesâŚ
40
41. Better seasons example
What would happen to the seasons if the earthâs
orbit around the sun was made a perfect circle (but
nothing else changed) ?
A. There would be no seasons
B. The seasons would remain pretty much as they
are today
C. Winter to spring would differ much less than now
D. Winter to spring would differ much more than
now
Much better question. Requires reasoning!
41
42. Exercise: Try writing a question
r Individually, choose one of the question goals
5Â min
(see handout)
o Write a draft question that aims to achieve
this goal. See the detailed âBloomâs
Taxonomyâ handout for helpful verbs.
ThenâŚ
1. Use the Bloomâs Taxonomy worksheet to rate the
Bloomâs level of your question
2. Swap your question with a neighbor. Do you agree on
the Bloomâs level of your question? Can you suggest
improvements?
42
43. What was the Bloomâs level of your question?
A. Remembering
B. Understanding
C. Applying
D. Analyzing
E. Evaluating
43
44. Share out
ď What did you learn in this process?
ď What worked well, what was challenging?
ď How might you go about writing questions in your
class?
44
45. Gallery Walk
ď Look at the âexample questionsâ sets on the
wall.
ď What do these three questions have in
common? Jot any ideas down on the sheet.
ď Might you use this type of question? When?
For what purpose?
10Â minutes
Aihofanz2010 on Wikimedia
45
46. Some question strategies to consider
ď Use a series of questions Rather than a set of one-offs.
ď Use real-life scenarios and current events for surveys
To keep lessons fresh and relevant
ď Ask predictive questions
So students have a chance to weigh in first. More important for
understanding than recall questions, but used less often
ď Use images in question choices
To give students a chance to connect words and visual/graphic
ď Pose summarizing questions
To get students thinking about effects. Pose a series of outcomes
and vote on consequences
Sidney-Eve Matrix on the ActiveClass
47. ButâŚ
The perfect question doesnât solve all problems!
47
48. Some âbest practicesâ and solutions
Weâll do these quickly
These are repeated in handouts
ď Underlying philosophy to most of these âbest
practicesâ are:
âIt is important for students to discuss their ideas, toÂ
feel safe doing so, and for the teacher to be aware ofÂ
those ideasâ
48
50. 2. Peer Discussion
⢠Students learn more deeply by
teaching each other
⢠Makes them articulate answer
⢠Lets you see inside their heads
Why is peer discussionÂ
important? What are challenges /Â
how can you help make it work?
â˘Make it clear why youâre doing this
⢠Circulate and ask questions / model
â˘Use questions they want to discuss
â˘Allow enough time (2-5 mins)
â˘Focus on reasoning in wrap-up
50
51. 3. Wrap-Up Discussion
Challenges?
What might you do toÂ
facilitate an effectiveÂ
wrapÂup discussion?
â˘Establish culture of respect
â˘Consider whether to show the
histogram immediately
⢠Ask multiple students to defend their
answers
⢠Why are wrong answers wrong and
why right answer is right
51
54. Action Plan
ď Take a few minutes to write down your action plan to
implement ideas you heard about in the workshop
54
55. Thank you!
Clicker resource page http://STEMclickers.colorado.edu
⢠Instructorâs Guide
⢠Question banks
⢠Workshops
⢠Literature / Articles
â˘Videos
Email me at stephanie.chasteen@colorado.edu
Handouts  will be at http://blog.sciencegeekgirl.com
ď Many materials in this workshop (particularly the questioning cycle and the participant exercises) were adapted from RosieÂ
Piller,  Making Students Think: The Art of Questioning. Short papers published in: Computer Training & Support Conference,
1995; ISPI International Conferences, 1991 and 1996; ASTD National Conference on Technical & Skills Training, 1990. Related
workshop description at http://www.educationexperts.net/nstworkshop.html Other materials (particularly sample clicker
questions and goals of clicker questions) adapted from Ian Beattyâs Technology Enhanced Formative Assessment (TEFA)
program. http://ianbeatty.com/crs
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56. Learning Goals
ď Biology:Â Â Recognize the components of a cell and describe
why each is necessary for the function of a cell
ď Physics: Identify the different ways that light can interact
with an object (i.e., transmitted, absorbed, reflected).
ď Chemistry:Â Â Explain trends in boiling points in terms of
intermolecular interactions
ď Earth science:  Understand the formation of the three major
types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic) and
the processes by which they form, relating them by the rock
cycle.
ď Math:Â Â Solve a system of linear equations in two variables
using algebra or graphing.
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57. What Do I do if�
What can you do if you ask questions and..
ď There is no response
ď The same people keep raising their hands
ď The answers are called out before everyone has a
chance to think
Weâll discuss inÂ
ď The answers take too long
Workshop #2.
ď Someone gives a wrong answer For now: Many of
these challenges are
ď Only some students are prepared addressed by clickers
ď?
57
64. Debates and Discussion
In todayâs world a âculture of deathâ is gaining supremacy over a
âculture of life.â
W
ty SA
of Du
l
Cal
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w a ys
1000 die
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b ort
A
Utilize your demographic data
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65. Use clickers to build critical thinking skills
Gamze Yasar - Economics
Colorado State University
- 4 questions per lecture
- 2 questions are critical thinking questions - not graded
- 2 questions based on lecture - graded
Keep students involved all semester long - not just the first two
weeks.
65
66. Should I give participation points only?
Dana Narter - Psychology
- University of Arizona
- Students may not make an effort to answer correctly if they are
awarded points for participation only.
66
67. I want the truth, and nothing but the truth!!
Law - Criminal Justice - Med - Nursing - Sociology
Ask moral, legal, or ethical questions
Use anonymous polling
67
Editor's Notes
HAVE PEOPLE SIT BY DISCIPLINE
How do you feel about asking students questions in class? How many times have you given a lecture and found that students hadnât followed you? Can you rely on students to ask questions if they donât understand something? Can you rely on students to know if they donât understand something? So, what are the benefits of questioning? Why do you think people donât question more?
We know that interactive engagement works. But how can we achieve it? One method is through question-driven teaching. This is an entirely new way of teaching, consisting of asking students a question, they discuss it, you discuss it as a class, and then repeat the cycle a few times per class. Clickers are just a tool to achieve these ends. They arenât a magic bullet. They are a way to achieve a certain pedagogical and learning goal. They can be used poorly and not achieve these goals!
What comes first? Learning goals.
We arenât just trying to sell you on peer instruction because it seems like a good idea. There is lots of research on this. Weâll show a little later, but realize that lots of evidence points towards this being a more effective mode of instruction than lecture only.
What comes first? Learning goals.
What comes first? Learning goals.
During each section, ask people for examples of questions that they wrote that fall into this category. Give clicker booklet for responding. Point out the handout where each one is detailed more.
Shop for ideas
Shop for ideas
Shop for ideas
What comes first? Learning goals.
Instructor circulates, may need to show that youâre serious
Again, role-play being an instructor. <Take 1> Show histogram and itâs mostly A. Ask âSomeone who answered A, could you tell me why you answered A?â (tell them to give a good answer) When they give a good answer, say, yes, makes sense, any questions? <Take 2> â Someone who answered A, could you tell me why you answered A?â - Give positive feedback for answer â Someone else? Even if you didnât answer A, why might someone have answered A?â - Give positive feedback for answer â What about B?â Show histogram and itâs 80/20. <Take 3> Show histogram and itâs 50/50. â Thereâs some disagreement! Can someone give me an argument for A?...â Now elicit from the workshop participants -- what were the variables? Make sure to cover: - When do you show the histogram? People wonât want to share the answer if most of the class didnât vote for that. If itâs a split vote, show the histogram up front. - How do you ask for student responses? âSomeone who answered A, tell me why.â âWhy might someone have answered Aâ. - Do you ask for multiple students to give their reasoning for a single answer, or do you take the first one? We suggest asking for multiple students. - Do you go through each answer choice and discuss it, or just the majority answers? We suggest each one. Students may get the right answer and not know why, or may not know why the wrong answer is wrong. Overall, the important message is that student reasoning is important, and the process of getting to the right answer is just as important as the answer itself. Note that you may consider showing class video in lieu of roleplay.
Weigh advantages of covering more material against checking comprehension and actively involving students. Itâs challenging. How a teacher does this determines how well it works. NO RESPONSE: Wait longer. Rephrase the question. Give a hint. Have students discuss. Call on someone. Leave unanswered. SAME PEOPLE: Someone other than X. Ask an easier question and call on new volunteer. Be alert to non-verbal cues. Make it clear that participation required. IF ANSWERS CALLED OUT: Ask it others agree. Ask for other answers. Ask students to think for a minute. Turn away to signal time for thought. Ask to write answers down. IF TAKE TOO LONG: Interrupt and summarize. Set boundaries and expectations. WRONG ANSWER: Break down question so others can see error. Ask for comments. Ask for other answers. Find merit in answer and explain why common mistake.