Functions of a manager

1. MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
LEADING AND LEADERSHIP

2. Learning Outcomes
• Explain Leading and Leadership
• Differentiate between a leader and
manager
• Describe selected leadership theories and
their application to health service delivery
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3. Learning Outcomes cont’d
• Identify attributes, qualities and skills
for effective leadership
• Explain the major sources of power of
a leader
• Describe leadership styles
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4. Definitions
1. Leading/directing
Leading is a management function that
involves motivating subordinates,
Influencing individuals or teams as they
work, selecting the most effective
communication channels or dealing in any
way with employee behaviour issues
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5. Definitions cont’d
• Directing is the managerial function of
establishing direction and then influencing
people to follow that direction
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6. Activities in Leading
Leading consists of:
• Pointing the way and allowing others to do
the work (directing and motivating)
• Supervising i.e. overseeing activities
• Influencing ( Effective communication)
• Managing conflicts
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7. Definitions…. Leadership
2. Leadership
• Leadership is the process of influence in
which the leader influences others towards
goal achievement
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8. Definitions cont’d
• Leadership is the process of using one’s
skills, qualities and power to influence
patients, families and others toward an
end point, vision or goal
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9. Definitions cont’d
• Leadership is an interpersonal
process, which involves the leader
influencing group activities and acting
as a role model in-order to inspire
people to achieve their personal and
group goals
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10. Elements of Leadership
• The Leader - Whose purpose is to guide
and direct
• The Led (subordinates)- Who are
expected to accomplish the work and give
feedback
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11. Elements of Leadership
• The audience – the group - Who are
going to benefit from the goal attainment
e.g. clients
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12. Leadership vs Management
• “Management is doing things right,
leadership is doing the right things”
(Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker)
• How do leaders differ from managers?
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13. Leadership, Power and Influence
• Leadership is attained through power,
position, authority and influence
Power
• Leadership involves the exercise of power.
Power is the potential ability to influence or
the potential to achieve goals
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14. Leadership, Power and Influence…
It is that which enables leaders to influence
followers.
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15. Types of Power
• Position Power
– Position places the leader as a part of
the management team – able to relate
to them, ask their advice, and receive
instructions
– Use of authority
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16. Types of Power
• Personal power
Power derived from relationships with
others and personal abilities
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17. Sources of power
• Reward Power
• Coercive/Punishment Power
• Legitimate Power (Authority)
• Referent Power
• Expert Power
• Information Power
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18. Sources of power
Individual Learning Activity
• Explain the sources of power listed and how a
leader uses them in executing the leadership
role
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19. Leadership, Power and Influence…
• Influence
A skill that allows the manager to guide the
activities of the employees in an
appropriate direction
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20. Leadership, Power and Influence…
• Direct influence stems from the role
expectations associated with a given
position. It includes:
–Motivating
–Coaching
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21. Leadership, Power and Influence…
– Directing
– Communicating
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22. Leadership Theories
Background
The scientific study of leadership began in
the 20th century.
Early research works focused on leadership
in a broad view; the focus was on areas
like traits or behaviours of the leader.
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23. Types of Leadership Theories
Trait Theories
1. The Great Man Theory
One of the oldest theories - the basis for
most leadership research until the mid
1940s.
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24. Types of Leadership Theories…….
Assumption: Some people have
(are born) certain characteristics or
personality traits
that make them better leaders than others
Identified behavioural characteristics that
are common in leaders
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25. Key Characteristics
Some of the most common leadership traits
identified are:
• Knowledge of the business
• Initiative
• Tenacity
• Energy
• Good cognitive skills (capable of using
good judgement and decisions)
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26. Key Characteristics….
• Flexibility
• Creativity
• Charisma
• Emotional intelligence
• Drive and motivation to succeed
• Confidence
• Honesty and integrity
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27. Key Characteristics
• Individual Learning activity
Are leaders born or made? Explain your
answer
• Which characteristics do you believe an
effective leader should possess?
• Which of the characteristics do you have
as a leader?
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28. Shortcomings of Trait theories
Neglect the impact of others on the situation
and on the leadership role.
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29. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
2.Charismatic Theory
• One variant of the Great Man Theory of
leadership
• It held that leaders are those who possess
charisma or an attraction to which
followers respond with favour and
commitment
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30. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
• Leaders inspire followers by obtaining
emotional commitment from them by
arousing feelings of loyalty and
enthusiasm
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31. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
3. Behavioural Theories
• Imply that leaders can be trained – focus
on the way of doing things
• Behavioural theories describe leadership
in terms of both the qualities of the leader
and the characteristics, abilities and needs
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32. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
of the group
• Behavioural – theories assume that
effective leaders acquire a pattern of
learned behaviours resulting in three
patterns of styles of leadership

33. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
4. Situational Leadership/Contingency
Theory
• Researchers focused on characteristics of
the organisation and the situation, to
explain leadership effectiveness, for
example:
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34. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
• The hierarchical structure of the
organisation
• The atmosphere of the organisation
• The characteristics of the leadership
role and the follower
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35. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
• This approach requires analysis of both
the task and the people involved so as to
bring a balance in approach without
sacrificing one of them
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36. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
Key situational factors for determining leader
effectiveness
• Leader – member relations.
• Task structure
• Position Power
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37. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
Transformational Leadership
Theory
• Is based on an inspiring vision that
changes the framework of the organization
for employees
• Emphasizes the importance of
interpersonal relationships
• Motivation is through articulating an
inspirational vision
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38. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
• Future oriented, concerned with change,
innovation and the empowerment of others
• Leader attempts to change views,
attitudes, needs and values of the
followers
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