This document discusses schizophrenia, a chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thoughts, perception, and behavior. It defines schizophrenia and describes its subtypes, including paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual. The main causes are thought to be a combination of genetics, brain chemistry, and environmental factors like poverty, stress, and poor family relationships. The objectives are to define schizophrenia, describe its subtypes, and explain its etiology.

1. SCHIZOPHRENIA (F20)

2. GROUP 1 MEMBERS
• Jenefefa Mbiro
• Stanford Wilson
• Emmanuel Selemani
• Willard Kania
• Veronica Nyasulu
• Bizaliel Phiri
• Maureen Maljiwala
• Ansity Chioko
• Hilda Chinoko
• Thoko Mwale

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We sincerely thank God the Father for the gift of life and good health. In particular,
we give thanks to our Lecturers Dr. Jere as well as Mrs. D. Nyirongo plus entire
psychiatric team for the academic support. Finally, great thanks to the group
members for team work towards this assignment.

4. OBJECTIVES
By the end of this 15 minutes presentation, fellow students should be able to:
 Define schizophrenia
 Describe the subtypes of the schizophrenia
 Explain the etiology of the schizophrenia

5. INTRODUCTION
• Schizophrenia is a devastating disease of the brain that affects a person’s thinking,
language, emotions, social behavior and ability to accurately perceive reality.
• It is a chronic mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves.
• It is a severe and chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in
thoughts, perception as well as behavior (DSM5).
• Schizophrenia was termed in 1908 by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler. The
word was derived from the Greek Schizo (split) and phren (mind).

6. SUBTYPES OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIA
 PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA (F20.0 IN ICD10)
It is characterized by the presence of delusions of persecutions or grander and
auditory hallucinations related to a single theme.
It is mostly common and usually develops later in life.
The person may have threatening thoughts or hear threatening voices.
The person is tense, suspicious, argumentative, hostile and aggressive.

7. SUBTYPES CONT…
 DISORGANIZED SCHIZOPHRENIA (F20.1)
This was previously called hebephrenic schizophrenia. On set is usually before age
of 25 years and it is chronic.
This type rarely occurs.
It leads to inappropriate reaction to a situation.
Hallucinations and delusions may be present but may not be prominent.
In a summary note, one tend to have disorganized speech (meaningless speech),
disorganized behavior (silly), poor attention and inappropriate affect.
NB: Before categorize schizophrenia into any of these subtypes, the general
diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia must be met.

8. Cont…

9. SUBTYPES CONT….
 CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA (F20.2)
This is characterized by the marked abnormalities in motor behavior and may be
manifested in form of a stupor or excitement.
There is waxy flexibility, reduced movement, rigid posture (like a statue) some
times too much movement.
In brief, there is decrease in motor activity and response.

10. CATATONIC

11. SUBTYPES CONT…
 UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA (F20.3)
Clients in this type do not meet the criteria for any of the subtypes above or they
may meet the criteria for more than one subtype.
The behavior is clearly psychotic that is, there is evidence of delusions,
hallucinations, incoherence as well as bizarre (unusual) behavior. However, the
symptoms cannot be easily classified into any of the previously listed diagnostic
categories.
 RESIDUAL SCHIZOPHRENIA
The person with this subtype of schizophrenia has experienced prominent psychotic
symptoms with a previous diagnosis of schizophrenia but no longer has them.
There is lingering evidence of unusual behavior, a blunted affect, some unrealistic
thinking or social withdrawal.

12. CONT…
• There is continuing evidence of the illness although there are no prominent
psychotic symptoms.
• The residual symptoms may include the following: social isolation, acentric
behavior, impairment in personal hygiene and grooming, blunted or inappropriate
affect, poverty of speech, illogical thinking or apathy.

13. THE ETIOLOGIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
The main cause of the schizophrenia is not known. However the research
shows that a combination of genetics, brain chemistry and environment play a
major role in the development of this form of psychosis.
PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES
 There are a lot of psychological factors that exacerbate the occurrence of
schizophrenia such as divorce as well as poor parental relationship.

14. ETIOLOGIES CONT…
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
I. Social cultural factors
 The epidemiological statistics have shown that greater number of the individual
from the lower socioeconomic classes experience symptoms associated with
schizophrenia as poverty such as congested housing, inadequate nutrition, few
resources to deal with stress may bring forward hopeless for changing one’s
lifestyle of poverty.
II. Stressful life events
 The life full of stress and depression has precipitated the occurrence of
schizophrenia and rate of relapse.

15. CONCLUSION
It is very crucial for psychiatric nurses to understand signs and symptoms of
schizophrenia for proper interventions.

16. END

17. REFERENCES
Boyd, M. A. (2012). Psychiatric Nursing Contemporary Practice. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Townsend, M. C. (2011). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing.
Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
Uys, L., & Middleton, L. (2004). mental health nursing a south African perspective.
Cape Town.
Womble, D. M. (2004). Introductory Mental Health Nursing. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.