This document discusses leadership theories and styles. It defines leading, leadership, and the differences between leaders and managers. Several leadership theories are described, including trait theories, behavioral theories, situational/contingency theories, charismatic theories, and transformational leadership theory. Key attributes of effective leaders are identified as well as sources of leadership power. The document provides an overview of the scientific study of leadership and different frameworks for understanding leadership.

1. MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
LEADING AND LEADERSHIP

2. Learning Outcomes
• Explain Leading and Leadership
• Differentiate between a leader and
manager
• Describe selected leadership theories and
their application to health service delivery
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3. Learning Outcomes cont’d
• Identify attributes, qualities and skills
for effective leadership
• Explain the major sources of power of
a leader
• Describe leadership styles
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4. Definitions
1. Leading/directing
Leading is a management function that
involves motivating subordinates,
Influencing individuals or teams as they
work, selecting the most effective
communication channels or dealing in any
way with employee behaviour issues
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5. Definitions cont’d
• Directing is the managerial function of
establishing direction and then influencing
people to follow that direction
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6. Activities in Leading
Leading consists of:
• Pointing the way and allowing others to do
the work (directing and motivating)
• Supervising i.e. overseeing activities
• Influencing ( Effective communication)
• Managing conflicts
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7. Definitions…. Leadership
2. Leadership
• Leadership is the process of influence in
which the leader influences others towards
goal achievement
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8. Definitions cont’d
• Leadership is the process of using one’s
skills, qualities and power to influence
patients, families and others toward an
end point, vision or goal
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9. Definitions cont’d
• Leadership is an interpersonal
process, which involves the leader
influencing group activities and acting
as a role model in-order to inspire
people to achieve their personal and
group goals
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10. Elements of Leadership
• The Leader - Whose purpose is to guide
and direct
• The Led (subordinates)- Who are
expected to accomplish the work and give
feedback
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11. Elements of Leadership
• The audience – the group - Who are
going to benefit from the goal attainment
e.g. clients
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12. Leadership vs Management
• “Management is doing things right,
leadership is doing the right things”
(Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker)
• How do leaders differ from managers?
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13. Leadership, Power and Influence
• Leadership is attained through power,
position, authority and influence
Power
• Leadership involves the exercise of power.
Power is the potential ability to influence or
the potential to achieve goals
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14. Leadership, Power and Influence…
It is that which enables leaders to influence
followers.
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15. Types of Power
• Position Power
– Position places the leader as a part of
the management team – able to relate
to them, ask their advice, and receive
instructions
– Use of authority
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16. Types of Power
• Personal power
Power derived from relationships with
others and personal abilities
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17. Sources of power
• Reward Power
• Coercive/Punishment Power
• Legitimate Power (Authority)
• Referent Power
• Expert Power
• Information Power
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18. Sources of power
Individual Learning Activity
• Explain the sources of power listed and how a
leader uses them in executing the leadership
role
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19. Leadership, Power and Influence…
• Influence
A skill that allows the manager to guide the
activities of the employees in an
appropriate direction
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20. Leadership, Power and Influence…
• Direct influence stems from the role
expectations associated with a given
position. It includes:
–Motivating
–Coaching
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21. Leadership, Power and Influence…
– Directing
– Communicating
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22. Leadership Theories
Background
The scientific study of leadership began in
the 20th century.
Early research works focused on leadership
in a broad view; the focus was on areas
like traits or behaviours of the leader.
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23. Types of Leadership Theories
Trait Theories
1. The Great Man Theory
One of the oldest theories - the basis for
most leadership research until the mid
1940s.
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24. Types of Leadership Theories…….
Assumption: Some people have
(are born) certain characteristics or
personality traits
that make them better leaders than others
Identified behavioural characteristics that
are common in leaders
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25. Key Characteristics
Some of the most common leadership traits
identified are:
• Knowledge of the business
• Initiative
• Tenacity
• Energy
• Good cognitive skills (capable of using
good judgement and decisions)
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26. Key Characteristics….
• Flexibility
• Creativity
• Charisma
• Emotional intelligence
• Drive and motivation to succeed
• Confidence
• Honesty and integrity
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27. Key Characteristics
• Individual Learning activity
Are leaders born or made? Explain your
answer
• Which characteristics do you believe an
effective leader should possess?
• Which of the characteristics do you have
as a leader?
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28. Shortcomings of Trait theories
Neglect the impact of others on the situation
and on the leadership role.
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29. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
2.Charismatic Theory
• One variant of the Great Man Theory of
leadership
• It held that leaders are those who possess
charisma or an attraction to which
followers respond with favour and
commitment
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30. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
• Leaders inspire followers by obtaining
emotional commitment from them by
arousing feelings of loyalty and
enthusiasm
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31. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
3. Behavioural Theories
• Imply that leaders can be trained – focus
on the way of doing things
• Behavioural theories describe leadership
in terms of both the qualities of the leader
and the characteristics, abilities and needs
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32. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
of the group
• Behavioural – theories assume that
effective leaders acquire a pattern of
learned behaviours resulting in three
patterns of styles of leadership

33. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
4. Situational Leadership/Contingency
Theory
• Researchers focused on characteristics of
the organisation and the situation, to
explain leadership effectiveness, for
example:
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34. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
• The hierarchical structure of the
organisation
• The atmosphere of the organisation
• The characteristics of the leadership
role and the follower
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35. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
• This approach requires analysis of both
the task and the people involved so as to
bring a balance in approach without
sacrificing one of them
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36. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
Key situational factors for determining leader
effectiveness
• Leader – member relations.
• Task structure
• Position Power
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37. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
Transformational Leadership
Theory
• Is based on an inspiring vision that
changes the framework of the organization
for employees
• Emphasizes the importance of
interpersonal relationships
• Motivation is through articulating an
inspirational vision
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38. Types of Leadership Theories cont’d
• Future oriented, concerned with change,
innovation and the empowerment of others
• Leader attempts to change views,
attitudes, needs and values of the
followers
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