2. To demonstrate awareness of how cohesion
contributes to coherence in text
To use cohesive devices meaningfully and
successfully to achieve coherence
3. W2 organise and structure ideas and opinions
for deliberate effect
W5 make accurate use of spelling,
punctuation and grammar.
7. To achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next,
consider the following techniques:
Repetition of key words. In sentence B (the second of any
two sentences), repeat a word from sentence A.
Synonymy. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a
synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is
call 'elegant variation.'
Antonymy. Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can
also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms
actually share more elements of meaning than you might
imagine.
Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, or another pro-form to make
explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier.
Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly
probable word to connect one sentence to another.
8. Jane and Tom went for a walk. Jane was hot,
but Tom felt cold.(repetition)
Jane and Tom went for a walk. Jane was hot, but
Tom felt cold. (antonyms)
Jane and Tom went for a walk. It was a
pleasant stroll. (synonyms)
Jane and Tom went for a walk along the muddy
bank of the river which had overflowed during
the recent floods. (collocation)
Spot is a dalmatian which is a breed of
dogs (class/subclass) that has black and white
markings. (animal/attributes). On the walk,
the dog's paws got very sore. (part/whole)
9. Enumeration. Use overt markers of sequence to
highlight the connection between ideas. This
system has many advantages: (a) it can link ideas
that are otherwise completely unconnected, (b) it
looks formal and distinctive, and (c) it promotes
a second method of sentence cohesion.
Parallelism. Repeat a sentence structure. This
technique is the oldest, most overlooked, but
probably the most elegant method of creating
cohesion.
Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive
adverb to link sentences with particular logical
relationships.
10. Enumeration:
first(ly) secondly etc. finally · in the (first)
place · last · to (begin) with · more
important · on top of (that) · next · then.
Parallelism:
The man aims to find a job and to buy a
house.
The secretary tried her best to solve the
problem and to give a solution
11.
12.
13.
14. ADDITION - moreover | furthermore | and | also | too | as well | equally
ANTHISESIS - however | nevertheless | on the other hand | but | whereas
COMPARISON - compared with | in comparison with | similarly | in the
same way
REASON / CAUSE - as | since | because | due to | owing to | because of |
out of
RESULT / SUMMARY - as a result | consequently | so | therefore | then |
in conclusion | in all | in brief | in short | in summary
PURPOSE - so that | in order that | in order to | to | for | for the sake of
EXAMPLE - for example | for instance | namely | that is to say | what I
mean is
ORDER OF EVENTS - first(ly) | second(ly) | finally | first | next | then |
after that | lastly
TIME SEQUENCE - at first | after a while | in the end | finally
RE-EXPRESSION - in other words | that is to say | alternatively | rather
DEDUCTION - this means that | in that case it follows that | then |
otherwise
SIDETRACKING - incidentally | by the way | to turn to | come to mention
15. The methods of reading usually differ in
accordance with the contents of books,
____________ all books should be read with equal
seriousness. Amusement is not the main
objective of reading _____________ a good book,
____________ it is a novel or a biography or a
drama, always deals with some aspect of
knowledge _____________ helps us to know life
better. It is ____________said _____________books
are the best teachers.
16. Each of the U.S. manned space exploration project
has specific major goals. (1)___________, the Mercury
project was designed to test whether or not human
beings could survive and function in outer space.
(2) _____________, the Mercury project tested rockets
with the new Mercury space capsule, which could
hold one person. (3) _____________, the Gemini
project was carried out to find out whether two
people could work in the weightless environment of
space. (4)____________, Gemini astronauts were sent
out to take “spacewalks.” (5)_____________, they
floated outside their spacecraft in a spacesuit,
connected by a tether.
