This will helps you to learn about cohesive devices.

1. ENG 228 - English II
Reading & Writing
4. Cohesive Devices
Instructor: Rizwan Ullah Ejaz
Email: rizwanullahejaz@gift.edu.pk

2. Note the difference between the following two sentences:
1. The public transport in this city is unreliable and it’s cheap.
2. The public transport in this city is unreliable but it’s cheap.
The first sentence adds information by using and.
The second sentence shows a contrast in meaning by using but.

3. 4.a. Cohesive Devices
• It refers to the linking words that help you connect ideas and show
the relationship between paragraphs, sentences, and parts of
sentences.
• Also known as the “Linking Words” or “Connecting Words”
• Examples:
Therefore, in conclusion, for example etc.
Note:
These must be used correctly and in the right position (accurately & appropriately)

4. 4.b. Why do we use Cohesive Devices?
• They are the glue between sentences and paragraphs.
• Connect one idea with the other idea at sentence level and at
paragraph level.
• Make relationships in the text evident and clear
• Ensure a smooth flow of sentences and paragraphs from one
another.
• Tie together the old information with the new.
• Help the reader understand how each sentence and paragraph
relates to what has come before it.
• Transitions, linking words and phrases, conjunctions, prepositions,
pronouns, etc.

5. 4.c. A Few Examples to Remember

7. Addition
again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first
place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too
Comparison also, in the same way, likewise, similarly
Concession granted, naturally, of course
Contrast
although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so, even though, for all that,
however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand,
otherwise, regardless, still, though, yet
Emphasis certainly, indeed, in fact, of course
Example/illustratio
n
after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, in conclusion, indeed, in fact, in other words, in short, it
is true, of course, namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus, truly
Place/direction above, below, father on, nearby, to the right
Relationships therefore, so, consequently, for this reason, since
Summary
all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular, in short, in
simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to summarize
Time sequence
after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier,
eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately, meanwhile,
moreover, next, now, presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then,
thereafter, too, until, until now, when

8. 4.d. Exercise
Practice 1:
http://elss.elc.cityu.edu.hk/ELSS/Resource/Text%20Cohesion-
Conjunctions/