Pembahasan mendasar tentang agama Islam. Apa saja yang melandasi agama Islam mulai dari dogma, para rasul, hingga sejarah kelahiran dan proses penyebarannya ke penjuru dunia.
2. o Sistem penata pola hidup manusia
o Dimensi spiritual dalam kehidupan manusia
o Jiwa, Meaning
o Some Categories:
Kepercayaan dan Amal saleh, Tempat Beribadah, Universal and
Particular, Mystical and Ethical, Self and Other-Power, Personal
and Civil.
o Agama vs Spiritual
o Mysticism vs Agama
3. The Families of Religions:
Indian: Hinduism, Buddhism, (Jainism), Sikhism
The Self
Chinese: Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese, Buddhism
Nature
Semitic: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
God and Revelation
5. Experiential Dimension; emosi dan perilaku keagamaan
Ideological Dimension; seseorang yang agamis akan memegang
kepercayaan tertentu
Ritualistic Dimension; teknik menyembah Tuhan
Intellectual Dimension; madzhab, kitab suci, dogma, dsb
Consequential Dimension; seseorang yang agamis mestinya seperti ini
… seperti itu …
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Semenanjung Arabia
Sebagian besar berupa padang pasir dengan gunung dan oase
Daerah Subur kebanyakan di wilayah pegunungan selatan sekitar Yemen
Suku Badui yang nomaden
▪ Tinggal di padang pasir
▪ Memelihara domba, dan unta
▪ Terorganisir dalam suku, klan dan sistem kekeluargaan
▪ Pentingnya loyalitas sesama klan
▪ Tipe suku klasik yang „paling keras kepala‟
Kerajaan Romawi and Persia menguasai sebagian besar dunia
Aktif perdagangan jarak jauh
▪ Dari Damaskus ke Mekkah atau Madinah ke Yaman
▪ Melewati Teluk Persia dan sepanjang pesisir pantai
▪ Bagian dari sistem perdagangan alur Laut Merah; antara Yaman and Abyssinia
▪ Menjual emas, frankincense dan myrrh
Agama kebanyakan polytheist; banyak tuhan atau berhala
Sejumlah pemeluk Yahudi dan Kristen agak sedikit di kawasan sentral Arabia
14. Muhammad
Lahir di Mekkah pada tahun 570 M
Sering menyendiri dan meditasi di gua
Turun Wahyu melalui perantara Jibril di Gua Hiro ketika Muhammad
berusia 40 tahun.
Al-Qur‟an sebagai pegangan utama syiar Islam untuk merubah
masyarakat
10/6/2011 copyright 2006 BrainyBetty.com and our licensors 14
16. • Mekkah sebagai pusat tradisi spiritual, mistik dan agama.
• Terdapat Ka‟bah yang dibangun Nabi Ibrahim dan Ismail. Saat itu banyak dipenuhi dengan
berhala-berhala.
• Karena dianggap pusat agama, berkelahi di Mekkah tidaklah boleh untuk kurun tertentu,
sehingga strategis dibuat area pusat perdagangan.
17. Islam: penyerahan diri, selamat, damai
Rukun Islam
1. Syahadah
2. Sholat Lima Waktu, Menghadap kiblat Ka’bah
3. Zakat
4. Puasa Ramadan
5. Haji
18. Firman Allah; 6666 ayat, 114 surat, 30 juz, 7 bacaan
Hanya ada 2 nama surat yang berkaitan dengan ibadah, selebihnya lagi
memiliki nama yang berhubungan dengan fenomena alam, sosial-politik,
ekonomi, sejarah, dan akhlak.
Nama surat yang berkaitan dengan Ibadah adalah al-Sajdah dan al-Hajj;
kemudian al-Ra‟d, al-Nahl, al-Nūr, al-Baqarah, dan lainnya itu masuk
dalam kategori Fenomena Alam; al-Nisā, al-Munāfiqūn, al-Shūrā, dan
yang semisalnya dimasukkan tema Sosial-Politik; lalu nama surat
semisal al-Anfāl dan al-Zakāt masuk lajur tema Ekonomi; nama surat
seperti „Abasā dan al-Mutaffifīn dikaitkan dengan bidang Akhlak;
sedangkan nama-nama surat yang berkonotasi Kesejarahan adalah al-
Anbiyā‟, Ali Imrān, Yūsuf, Nūh, Ibrāhīm, dan al-Rūm.
19. Kitab suci yang harus dipegang secara hati-hati; dalam keadaan
suci, ditradisikan untuk dibaca keras-keras (recite), memiliki
materi ajaran yang komplit, terkadang dijadikan untuk bacaan-
bacaan mistik oleh sebagian kalangan.
Ahlul Kitab: Yahudi dan Kristen
▪ Muslim harus toleran dengan mereka
▪ Meyakini keberadaan nabi mereka, namun Yesus adalah nabi saja, bukan
messiah apalagi tuhan
▪ Muhammad adalah rasul terakhir
20. Iman, Islam dan Ihsan
Syari‟ah, Thariqat, Hakikat
Muslim harus hidup dengan aturan hukum dan moral.
Semua orang adalah sama posisinya, tidak ada diskriminasi.
Sebagai bagian dari agama samawi; Islam meminjam atau
meneruskan ajaran Yahudi dan Kristen, dan kemudian
menyempurnakannya.
Abrahamic Tradition; Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition (kasus Palestina)
21. This same rock is
believed by Jews to
be the slab upon
which Abraham
bound Isaac and
nearly sacrificed him
(in Islamic tradition,
it was Ishmael). And
that it was the rock
upon which the Ark
of the Covenant was
put.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. Konflik di Mekkah
Hijrah ke Yathrib (Madinah) pada tahun 622 M
Memperkuat basis umat dan pembentukan
masyarakat Madani di Yathrib
Kembali untuk „Penaklukan Mekkah‟ pada tahun
630 M
31.
32. Uswatun Hasanah (teladan bagi umat Islam)
Ketekunan Beribadah (Ibadah Ritual)
Hidup Bermasyarakat (Ibadah Sosial)
Kehidupan Rumah Tangga
Akhlak dan Kepribadian
Hadith dan riwayat sahabat
Tidak meninggalkan apa-apa selain dua hal: “Al-Qur‟an dan
Sunnah Nabi”
33. The Rightly-Guided Caliphs
Khalifah politik dan agama setelah rasul
wafat:
•Abu Bakr
•Umar bin Khattab
•Uthman bin „Affan
•Ali bin Abi Thalib
Sahabat Nabi terdekat, Muslim shalih,
sebagiannya diikat menjadi saudara
sekeluarga dengan pernikahan
35. The caliph
Upon Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr served as caliph ("deputy")
Became head of state, chief judge, religious leader, military commander
First four called Orthodox caliphs because they were original followers
The expansion of Islam
633-637, seized Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia
640's, conquered Egypt and north Africa
651, toppled Sassanid dynasty
711, conquered the Hindu kingdom of Sind
711-718, conquered northwest Africa, most of Iberia
Success due to weakness of enemies, vigor of Islam
Referred to Islamic world as Dar al Islam
The Shia and Sunnis
The Shia sect supported Ali (last caliph and son in law of Muhammad)
▪ A refuge for non-Arab converts, poor; followers in Iraq, Iran
▪ Felt caliphs should be directly related to Muhammad
The Sunnis ("traditionalists") accepted legitimacy of early caliphs
▪ Were Arab as opposed to Islamic
▪ Did not feel caliphs had to be related to Muhammad
Two sects struggled over succession; produced a civil war, murder
36. Dua Aliran Besar Islam pasca Rasul Wafat
Sunni (90%) percaya bahwa penerus nabi (khalifah) itu dipilih ummat
Shi‟ah (10%) percaya bahwa khalifah itu dari keturunan nabi Muhammad SAW
37. Setelah era Khulafaur Rashidin selesai, Islam didominasi sistem
kerajaan
Umayyah (661-750 M)
Abbasiyah (750-1258 M)
Seljuks (1055-1090)
Fatimiyyah (909-1171 M)
Turki Ottoman (1281-1924 M)
Safawiyah (1501-1722 M)
38. Dinasti Umayyah (661-750 M)
Setelah perang saudara; Khalifah Ali dibunuh, terbentuklah dinasti ini
Memindahkan ibu kota Islam ke Damaskus, Syria
Arabian military aristocracy
Kebijakan bagi umat yang ditaklukkan
Dhimmis adalah untuk Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians
Wajib bayar jizya (head tax) bagi mereka yang tidak berpindah ke Islam
Kehancuran Dinasti
Khalifah teralienasi dari orang Arab sekitar abad 8
Perlawanan fraksi Shi‟ah
Ketidakpuasan publik dengan perilaku pemimpin
Dibasmi oleh kalangan Abbasiyah, semua keluarga Umayyah dibunuh
Satu keturunan berhasil lolos dan mendirikan dinasti Umayyah di Spanyol; Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil
39. Periode diskriminasi
budaya
Ibu Kota berpindah ke
Damaskus, Syria
Budaya Arab berkembang
pesat
39
40. Abu al-Abbas
A descendant of Muhammad's uncle; allied with Shias and non-Arab Muslims
Seized control of Persia and Mesopotamia during 740's
Shattered Umayyad forces at a battle in 750; annihilated the Umayyad clan
The Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 C.E.)
Showed no special favor to Arab military aristocracy
Empire still growing, but not initiated by the central government
Abbasid administration
Relied heavily on Persians, Persian techniques of statecraft
Central authority ruled from the court at Baghdad, newly built city
Governors ruled provinces; Ulama, qadis (judges) ruled local areas
Harun al-Rashid (786-809 C.E.)
Represented the high point of the dynasty
Baghdad became metropolis, center for commerce, industry, and culture
Abbasid decline
Struggle for succession between Harun's sons led to civil war
Governors built their own power bases, regional dynasties
Local military commanders took title of Sultan
Popular uprisings and peasant rebellions weakened the dynasty
A Persian noble seized control of Baghdad in 945
Later, the Seljuk Turks controlled the imperial family
42. Baghdad
Generasi emas Islam; Baghdad menjadi
pusat pembelajaran dan perdagangan. Di
bawah Dinasti Abbasiyah, Baghdad
menjadi “a city of museums, hospitals,
libraries, and mosques.”
Baghdad was one of the largest and most
cosmopolitan cities in the world, home to
Muslims, Christians, Jews and pagans
from across the Middle East and Central
“Istana Abbasiyah di Baghdad”
Asia.
Menjelang tahun 800 M, populasi Baghdad mungkin mencapai setengah juta orang (ini berarti
sebesar Roma di masa Kekaisaran Romawi) dan merupakan kota terbesar di dunia di luar China.
43. The Golden Age
the "Golden Age" of Islamic civilization, karena sumbangsih ilmuwan Islam di
bidang sciences and humanities: medicine, mathematics, astronomy,
chemistry, literature, dan sebagainya.
Kebanyakan sarjana Muslim dari abad 9
hingga 13 mendapatkan pendidikan di
Baghdad.
“Here, teachers and students worked
together to translate Greek manuscripts,
preserving them for all time. They studied
the works of Aristotle, Plato, Hippocrates,
Euclid, and Pythagoras.”
The House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah) adalah pusat
utama; yang juga melahirkan ahli matematika Islam,
Al-Khawarizmi, “the father of algebra”
44.
45. Harun al-Rashid
Raja sekaligus Tokoh seni dan
pembelajaran.
“is best known for the
unsurpassed splendor of his
court and lifestyle. Some of the
stories, perhaps the earliest, of
The Thousand and One Nights
were inspired by the glittering
Baghdad court, and King
Shahryar.”
Harun built a palace in Baghdad, far grander and more beautiful
than that of any caliph before him. He established his court there
and lived in great splendor, attended by hundreds of courtiers
and slaves.
47. Kemunduran Abbasiyah
o Perang saudara sesama penguasa
o Tensi semakin memanas antara Sunni dan Shi‟ah
o Korupsi penguasa
o Pemberontakan
o Orang Persia yang semakin mengontrol
Abbasiyah
o Orang Mongol mengakhiri dinasti ini pada tahun
1258 M.
48. Seljuks
Muslim Keturunan Turki
Tinggal di kawasan Iran
Menaklukkan Baghdad dan melemahkan kekaisaran Byzantium
49. The Crusades
Crusade: holy war
Christian Pope menyerukan perang salib pada tahun 1095 M.
Tujuannya menaklukkan Palestina, “the holy land”
Ada 6 seri perang salib
Beberapa sukses, beberapa gagal
50. Mongols
Datang dari Central Asia
Mengambil Baghdad dari tangan Seljuks dan menghancurkannya pada
tahun 1258 M.
Merusak peradaban Islam hingga 100 tahun
Ada juga yang masuk Islam dan bergabung dengan budaya Timur
Tengah
51. Ottoman Empire
1281-1924 M
Turkish speaking Muslims
Sunni
Menaklukkan Constantinople
pada tahun 1453 dan
mengakhiri era kekaisaran
Byzantium; lalu merubahnya
dengan nama Istanbul
52. Safavid Empire
1501-1722 M
Iran di masa
sekarang
Shi‟ah
Pesaing Ottomans
53. Arab Urban History
Pre-Islamic Arabs were both urban, bedouin
▪ Mecca, Medina, Yemeni cities, cities of Palmyra, Arab Petropolis
▪ Center of the city was a market place often shared with religious center
▪ Cities designed with human-environment interaction in mind
▪ Nomads came to city to trade, city often settled by whole tribes
▪ Arabs had settled in cities in Syria, Iraq, Jordan
Arabic cities linked to wider world through merchants, trade
Arab cities exposed to Jews, Persians, Monophysites, Sabeans
Arabic Empire and Urban Growth
Islam as a culture requires mosque, merchant: very urban in outlook
▪ Capital moved from Mecca to Damascus by Umayyads
▪ Arabs founded military cities on edges of desert to rule empire
As empire grew, needed something more permanent
▪ Abbasids moved capital from Damascus, Kufa to Baghdad
▪ Other designed for purpose cities include Fez, Cairo, Tunis
Increasing agricultural production contributed to growth of cities
▪ Cities: centers for administration, industry, trade, education, faith
▪ Many different ethnic minorities settled in Muslim cities (quarters)
▪ Mosque at center surrounded by suk, square, in decreasing social order
55. Merchants, pilgrims, travelers exchanged foods across empire
The exchange and spread of food and industrial crops
Indian plants traveled to other lands of the empire
Staple crops: sugarcane, rice, new varieties of sorghum and wheat
Vegetables: spinach, artichokes, eggplants
Fruits: oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons, mangoes
Industrial crops: cotton, indigo, henna
Effects of new crops
Increased varieties and quantities of food
Industrial crops became the basis for a thriving textile industry
Foodstuffs increased health, populations of cities
Agricultural experimentation
Numerous agricultural manuals
Agricultural methods and techniques improved
Improved irrigation
56. Pre-Islamic Arab Women
Arabs as nomads allowed women many rights
Women often poets, tribe leaders
Some evidence of matrilineal tribes
The Quran and women
Quran enhanced rights, security of women
Forced husbands to honor contracts, love women
Allowed women to own property, protected from exploitation
What produced the change
Foreign Contacts changed the perspective
▪ Adopted veiling from Mesopotamia, Persia
▪ Isolation from India through purdah, harem
Muslim rights for women
▪ Often weaken through Hadith, traditions
▪ Often reduced, ignored
▪ Patriarch beliefs reinforced by conquest
▪ Yet Quran, sharia also reinforced male domination
▪ Role of Hadith, Arab traditions reinforced male domination
57. Camels and caravans
Overland desert trade traveled mostly by camel caravan
Caravanserais (motel, corrals) in Islamic cities
Trading goods usually luxury in nature
Maritime trade based on technological borrowing
Arab, Persian mariners borrowed
▪ Compass from the Chinese
▪ Lateen sail from southeast Asian, Indian mariners
▪ Astrolabe from the Hellenistic mariners
Organization and dominance of trade
▪ In North Africa across Sahara, down Nile, SW Asia, to India
▪ Eastern Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabia Gulf down coasts
▪ Many cities grew rich from trade
▪ Entrepreneurs often pooled their resources in group investments
▪ Different kinds of joint endeavors
Banks
Operated on large scale and provided extensive services
Letters of credit, or sakk, functioned as bank checks
Exchange of Ideas included Islam, technology, culture
58.
59. Al-Andalus
Islamic Spain, conquered by Muslim Berbers
Claimed independence from the Abbasid dynasty
Participated in commercial life of the larger Islamic world
Products of al-Andalus enjoyed a reputation for excellence
Cordoba was a center of learning, commerce, architecture
After death of Abd al Rahman III broke up into petty kingdoms
A unique blended culture
▪ Arab, Latin, German, Islamic, Christian, Jewish
▪ Very tolerant and integrated society
Warred for 700 years with Christian kingdoms in north
North Africa
Strong followers of Shia, broke with Abbassids
Berbers followed many puritanical Shia like movements
Eventually Fatimids conquered Egypt, formed rival caliphate
Central Asia
Largely Turkish, Persian and Islamic but not Arabic
Tended to be distant from Baghdad and more tolerant
Integrated into trans-Eurasian trade network
60.
61.
62. Persian influence on Islam
After Arabs most prominent of Muslims, resisted Arabization
▪ Cultural traditions often borrowed heavily by Islam
▪ Became early followers of Shia
Government and regionalism
▪ Many advisors (vizer is Persian word) to Caliphs were Persian
▪ Cultured, diplomatic language of Abbassid court became Persian
Literary achievements
▪ Omar Khayyam was greatest of Medieval Muslim poets
▪ The Arabian Nights largely in a Persian style
Turkish influences
Central Asian nomads converted to Islam, developed literary culture
Invaded SW Asia and made caliphate dependent on Turkish nomads
Formed military might, leadership of late Abbassid state
Indian Influences
Purdah and harem borrowed from Hindus
"Hindi numerals," which Europeans called "Arabic numerals"
Greek Influences
Muslims philosophers especially liked Plato and Aristotle; Greek math
Effort of harmonizing two traditions met resistance from Sufis
63. Quran, sharia were main sources to formulate moral guidelines
Constant struggle between what is Arabic and what is Islamic
Use of Arabic script as only language of Islam strengthened trend
Persians, Turks, Indians, and Africans struggled for acceptance
Promotion of Islamic values
Ulama, qadis, and missionaries were main agents
Education also promoted Islamic values
Sufis
Islamic mystics, effective missionaries
Encouraged devotion by singing, dancing
Led ascetic, holy lives, won respect
Encouraged followers to revere Allah in own ways
Tolerated those who associated Allah with other beliefs
The hajj
The Kaa'ba became the symbol of Islamic cultural unity
Pilgrims helped to spread Islamic beliefs and values