The inspiration driving CNC machining undertakings is to make explicit shapes or surface
characteristics for a thing. In view of math and surface completion determinations, conditions for machining
assignments have for the most part been chosen. Assembling ventures endeavor to make high phenomenal things
at decay cost to stay serious inside the market. This exploration zeroed in on growing the advantage of benefit
on PC mathematical control (CNC) by enhancing machining boundaries by processing activities. In this
exploration, the profundity of cut, cutting velocity and feed rate on the aluminum amalgam work piece by the
utilization of carbide unit, embed shaper, HSS were utilized to enhance the advantage of CNC processing
measures by advancing machining boundaries picked to be assessed in this investigation by utilizing Taguchi's
System approach including symmetrical exhibit. The Taguchi strategy is utilized to notice the impact of cycle
boundaries and to look at a portion of the decrease speed, feed and profundity with acknowledgment of the
essential machinability part, surface end. The surface completion has been portrayed as quality attributes and is
accepted to be straightforwardly identified with efficiency.
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
The inspiration driving CNC machining undertakings is to make explicit shapes or surface
characteristics for a thing. In view of math and surface completion determinations, conditions for machining
assignments have for the most part been chosen. Assembling ventures endeavor to make high phenomenal things
at decay cost to stay serious inside the market. This exploration zeroed in on growing the advantage of benefit
on PC mathematical control (CNC) by enhancing machining boundaries by processing activities. In this
exploration, the profundity of cut, cutting velocity and feed rate on the aluminum amalgam work piece by the
utilization of carbide unit, embed shaper, HSS were utilized to enhance the advantage of CNC processing
measures by advancing machining boundaries picked to be assessed in this investigation by utilizing Taguchi's
System approach including symmetrical exhibit. The Taguchi strategy is utilized to notice the impact of cycle
boundaries and to look at a portion of the decrease speed, feed and profundity with acknowledgment of the
essential machinability part, surface end. The surface completion has been portrayed as quality attributes and is
accepted to be straightforwardly identified with efficiency.
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Process Parametric Optimization of CNC Vertical Milling Machine Using Taguchi...IOSR Journals
Abstract- An experiment was conducted to perform the parametric optimization of CNC end milling machine
tool in varying condition. The tool used for experiment was of Solid Carbide and the Mild Steel work piece was
used during experiment. The experiment has been taken place efficiently and completes its all objective of
optimization. The practical result can be used in industry to get the desirable Surface Roughness and Material
Removal Rate for the work piece by using suitable parameter combination.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Virtual materials testing: come funziona e i benefici sulla produzioneCompositi
Webinar 29 settembre 2020
Connettendo il mondo reale con il virtuale, il processo di sviluppo di virtual materials testing permette di accelerare i tempi e ridurre i costi della filiera.
Justyna Rybicka discuss using WITNESS software to model support decision maki...Lanner
Presenting at the Lanner predictive simulation conference, 2016, Justyna Rybicka from Cranfield University explores the use of Lanner simulation software WITNESS to model support decision making tool for flexible manufacturing system optimisation.
Large assembly management is a burgeoning problem which is encountered in
all the automotive industries. As the vehicle assemblies of projects moves
towards the fruition stage its size becomes more than 50GB. It thus becomes
very monolithic to manage, making easy tasks such as making minor changes
in the assembly or performing analysis extremely difficult to perform,
moreover the huge assembly size alone is not the only problem but even the
presence of several other components in the assembly tend to hinder any task
that is to be performed.
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treadi...IJMER
Machining processes are manufacturing methods for ensuring processing quality, usually within
relatively short periods and at low cost. Several machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, work
piece material, and cutting tool geometry have significant effects on the process quality. Many researchers have
studied the impact of these factors. The cutting tool overhang affects the surface quality, especially during the
internal turning process, but this has not been reviewed much [9].
This is a course project report for an Eye End of Knuckle Joint using ANSYS. A step wise procedure of analysis is given in the report along with all the possible results. This report is a part of curriculum of the subject Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of BE Mechanical Engineering final year, University of Mumbai.
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Process Parametric Optimization of CNC Vertical Milling Machine Using Taguchi...IOSR Journals
Abstract- An experiment was conducted to perform the parametric optimization of CNC end milling machine
tool in varying condition. The tool used for experiment was of Solid Carbide and the Mild Steel work piece was
used during experiment. The experiment has been taken place efficiently and completes its all objective of
optimization. The practical result can be used in industry to get the desirable Surface Roughness and Material
Removal Rate for the work piece by using suitable parameter combination.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Virtual materials testing: come funziona e i benefici sulla produzioneCompositi
Webinar 29 settembre 2020
Connettendo il mondo reale con il virtuale, il processo di sviluppo di virtual materials testing permette di accelerare i tempi e ridurre i costi della filiera.
Justyna Rybicka discuss using WITNESS software to model support decision maki...Lanner
Presenting at the Lanner predictive simulation conference, 2016, Justyna Rybicka from Cranfield University explores the use of Lanner simulation software WITNESS to model support decision making tool for flexible manufacturing system optimisation.
Large assembly management is a burgeoning problem which is encountered in
all the automotive industries. As the vehicle assemblies of projects moves
towards the fruition stage its size becomes more than 50GB. It thus becomes
very monolithic to manage, making easy tasks such as making minor changes
in the assembly or performing analysis extremely difficult to perform,
moreover the huge assembly size alone is not the only problem but even the
presence of several other components in the assembly tend to hinder any task
that is to be performed.
Vibration control of newly designed Tool and Tool-Holder for internal treadi...IJMER
Machining processes are manufacturing methods for ensuring processing quality, usually within
relatively short periods and at low cost. Several machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, work
piece material, and cutting tool geometry have significant effects on the process quality. Many researchers have
studied the impact of these factors. The cutting tool overhang affects the surface quality, especially during the
internal turning process, but this has not been reviewed much [9].
This is a course project report for an Eye End of Knuckle Joint using ANSYS. A step wise procedure of analysis is given in the report along with all the possible results. This report is a part of curriculum of the subject Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of BE Mechanical Engineering final year, University of Mumbai.
Planning processes can lead to higher productivity, higher accuracy, and faster turnaround for essential business tasks. This lesson will dig into process planning - what it is, why we should do it, and the steps to follow to plan or improve a process.
Review on GROUP TECHNOLOGY & it’s implementationManoj Gowda K
Manufacturing philosophy which advocates simplification and standardization of similar parts in order to reduce complexity in manufacturing.
GT is a manufacturing concept in which similar parts are grouped together in parts groups families.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
1. Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Complexity Metrics : CFR-PEEK
in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)
201401215 김규동
201701349 노희나
201701371 진승원
< 시스템종합설계 >
적층제조 복잡성 평가에 대한 고찰 : CFR-PEEK 소재의 FFF 프린팅 중심으로
2. Introduction001
▪ Complexity for Traditional Manufacturing
• As the manufacturing system becomes more complex and sophisticated, the complexity of the process increases (Park, 2015)
• Various product range and parts, unnecessary process cause uncertainty (Frizelle, 1996)
• Complex design product needs more information in manufacturing, it occurs extra costs for product production
(Creps-Varela, 2011)
• Complexity for Additive Manufacturing
• Definition and impacts of complexity are discussed qualitatively in terms of design for additive manufacturing (DFAM)
(Durakovic, 2018)
➢ Non-quantitative analysis for complexity in DFAM
• Impact on the complexity of the product design is compared with the performance in AM (Baumers, 2016; Pradel, 2017)
➢ Not including process in complexity
• Analysis results vary in complexity definition (Chase and Murty, 2000; Johnson, 2017)
➢ Various complexity definitions and metrics evaluation are needed for effective AM operation
Previous studies indicate metrics and impacts on manufacturing for complexity
(Huatuco, 2001; Sivadasan, 2006; Park, 2015; Efthymiou, 2016)
3. ▪ Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)
• The most popular 3D printing method in AM techniques (Shih, 2019)
• Process that uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material
• Depositing material layer by layer
• Available for manufacturing complex structure
➢ Suitable for customization
• Applied to the manufacturing of patient-specific medical and industrial parts (Cwikla, 1992)
Introduction001
▪ CFR–PEEK (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyether-Ether-Ketone)
• High stiffness
• Good wear resistance
• High temperature resistance
• Lightweight
• Good fatigue resistance
➢ Available for various industrial fields (i.e. aircraft, medical, aerospace
(Schwitalla, 2015; Apiumtec)
4. Literature Review002
▪ Previous Studies
• Evaluating complexity of the manufacturing system quantitatively
(Frizelle, 1995; Suh, 1999; Huatuco, 2001; Papakostas, 2009; Summers,
2010; Crepso-Varela, 2011; Park, 2015)
• Definition and qualitative assessment of complexity in AM
(Baumers, 2016; Pradel, 2017; Durakovic, 2018)
• Evaluation shape complexity in CAD
(Chase and Murty, 2000; Johnson, 2017; Kwon, 2017)
• Using affordable materials (i.e. PLA, ABS)
(Miguel, 2016; Manogharan, 2015; Podrouzek, 2019; Huu, 2018)
Measure the complexity in terms of AM
Objectives
▪ Complexity of AM is defined and quantified in terms of various viewpoints
▪ It presents complexity as metrics
▪ It evaluates the impact of complexity on AM manufacturing performance
▪ This Study
Definition and quantitative assessment of
various complexity including process in AM
Using high performance material, CFR-PEEK
5. Development of complexity for additive manufacturing003
▪ Shape Complexity
• STL (Standard Triangle Language) is a file format native to the CAD software created by 3D systems
• A shape of CAD model is composed of triangle in STL
• The number of triangle in STL means geometric complexity for CAD model (Valentan, 2011)
➢ Shape Complexity = The number of triangle of the product in STL
▪ Volume Complexity
• Complexity takes the form a ratio defined by the product’s area or volume as related to another shape (Johnson,2017)
➢ 𝑽 𝑷 = The volume of the product
➢ 𝑽 𝑩 = The volume of the bounding box of the product
➢ Volume Complexity = −𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐(𝟏 −
𝑽 𝑷
𝑽 𝑩
)(Joshi & Ravi, 2013)
6. Development of complexity for additive manufacturing003
▪ Process Complexity
• A measure of uncertainty in realizing the commonality of G – Code (𝑋, 𝑌) for building a product in additive manufacturing
• The more complex the product design, the more information and precise movement of the G-Code is needed
➢ 𝑵 = The number of total G – Code (𝑿, 𝒀) for building a product
➢ 𝒏𝒊= The number of same G – Code (𝑿, 𝒀) Ɐ 𝒊 = kind of G-Codes
➢ Probability (commonality) of being the same of each G – Code (𝑿, 𝒀) for building a product
𝑪𝒊= 𝒏𝒊/𝑵
➢ Individual information content of each G – Code (𝑿, 𝒀) for building a product
𝑰𝒊= − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝑪𝒊
➢ Total information content of a product for additive manufacturing (G-Code complexity)
G-Code Complexity = σ𝒊 𝑰𝒊= σ𝒊(− 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝑪𝒊)
▪ Machine Complexity
• A measure of uncertainty for satisfying the maximum system level (Suh, 1999)
• If it increase in manufacturing system, the efficiency in machine would increase and it can reduce the uncertainty
for system or customer needs
➢ 𝑴 = Maximum extruded filament volume per unit time
➢ 𝒓 = Extruded filament volume per unit time
➢ Probability of reaching the maximum extruded filament volume per unit time
➢ 𝒇 =𝒓/𝑴
➢ Information content of extruded filament volume per unit time
➢ Machine Complexity = − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐 𝒇
7. Methodology : Case study for aircraft component004
▪ Products (20 units)
Bracket
A B C D
Door Hinge
A B C D
Engine Cover
A B C D
Fork Fitting
A B C D
Seat Buckle
A B C D
• CFR-PEEK is optimal material for aircraft applications
(J Ortega-Martinez, 2017)
• Aircraft components with CFR-PEEK are set to our
case study
• Virtual 3D Printer factory using CFR-PEEK is modeled through
Discrete Event Simulation
To identify manufacturing performance
in mass production
▪ Simulation
• 20 aircraft components is considered as samples
• Consider the following as manufacturing performance
- Lead Time
- Energy Cost
- Material Cost
8. Methodology : Case study for aircraft component004
1. Order
• The interarrival time for orders follows normal distribution (μ = 4 hours, σ 𝟐
= 0.8 hours)
• In the model, one of 20 order types arrives randomly and with equal chance (0.05)
• The order quantity of each order type follows a discrete normal distribution (μ = 15, σ 𝟐
= 3.3166)
2. Pre-Processing
• In order to print the products for orders, CAD file for each order type should be encoded
• Encoding processing time follows a constant value (5 minutes)
3. Processing
• In the model, the number of 3D printer is 15
• Before printing, the printer should be processed the bed calibration that processing time follows a constant value (15 minutes)
• A normal distribution (μ = build time for each order types, σ 𝟐
= 100 sec) and heating (4 minutes) and cooling (30 minutes) is
reflected in the printing time
4. Pro-Processing
• After printing a product, a product should be processed the after-processing that is remove the brim or supporter and make the
product smooth
• Each of the order types has same after-processing time (10 minutes)
▪ After all process, the product is stored and when the order quantity is fulfilled, the order is transported to customer
▪ In the model, virtual 3D printing factory operates 52 weeks (= 1year) and replicates 500 times
9. Methodology : Case study for aircraft component004
▪ Virtual 3D Printing Factory Simulation Model (Video)
10. Results005
▪ Calculation of proposed complexity metrics
Product
Bracket A Bracket B Bracket C Bracket D Door hinge A Door hinge B Door hinge C Door hinge D
Shape Complexity 10660 798 2246 1168 3650 15998 2176 1392
Volume Complexity 0.228592 0.619189 0.11859 0.582974 1.05036 0.681346 0.286003 0.759779
Process Complexity 25188.018 17338.92941 9332.82654 17889.49469 17576.03967 20156.13805 23744.78189 15448.90796
Machine Complexity 1.92430576 1.759369 1.889222259 1.848396 1.833129027 1.89898935 1.843318 1.791041
Engine cover A Engine cover B Engine cover C Engine cover D Fork fitting A Fork fitting B Fork fitting C Fork fitting D
Shape Complexity 22000 5662 1294 9000 3622 3056 10354 4832
Volume Complexity 0.566126 0.374333 0.206186 0.087827 0.415214 0.71792 0.14794 0.714453
Process Complexity 13539.70905 10620.70992 32642.65593 30341.31376 27375.04969 18718.97382 40523.36995 32411.75524
Machine Complexity 1.881807 2.4429732 1.912310432 2.037179541 1.898801942 1.815797406 2.090966522 1.783216519
Seat buckle A Seat buckle B Seat buckle C Seat buckle D
Shape Complexity 388 312 1268 3248
Volume Complexity 0.851337 0.930485 0.67151 0.250286
Process Complexity 18315.54793 21682.02943 20938.31124 18504.68481
Machine Complexity 1.83373621 1.808343392 1.411694 1.875769
11. Results005
▪ Pearson Correlation Analysis between Complexity and Manufacturing Performance
<Pearson Correlation>
Shape complexity : 0.500
Volume complexity : 0.679
Process complexity : 0.094
Machine complexity : 0.700
<Pearson Correlation>
Shape complexity : 0.490
Volume complexity : 0.668
Process complexity : 0.084
Machine complexity : 0.690
<Pearson Correlation>
Shape complexity : 0.464
Volume complexity : 0.579
Process complexity : 0.112
Machine complexity : 0.177
<Pearson Correlation>
Shape complexity : 0.464
Volume complexity : 0.580
Process complexity : 0.112
Machine complexity : 0.179
Material Cost
Energy CostLead Time
Total Cost
13. Results005
▪ Multiple Linear regression analysis
𝑥1= Shape Complexity, 𝑥2 = Volume Complexity, 𝑥3 = Process Complexity, 𝑥4 = Machine Complexity
𝛼 = 0.05**,𝛼 = 0.1*▪ Main effects analysis
• Effects for Lead Time : Process Complexity < Shape Complexity < Volume Complexity < Machine Complexity
• Effects for Energy Cost : Process Complexity < Shape Complexity < Volume Complexity < Machine Complexity
• Effects for Material Cost : Process Complexity < Machine Complexity < Shape Complexity < Volume Complexity
• Effects for Total Cost : Process Complexity < Machine Complexity < Shape Complexity < Volume Complexity
Lead Time Energy Cost Material Cost Total Cost
1. Regression Equation 𝑦 = 4.13 + 0.0533𝑥1 + 0.470𝑥2 − 0.0492𝑥3 + 0.787𝑥4 𝑦 = −15.2 + 0.841𝑥1 + 7.52𝑥2 − 0.86𝑥3 + 12.51𝑥4 𝑦 = 17037 + 246𝑥1 + 2114𝑥2 − 225𝑥3 − 1558𝑥4 𝑦 = 17022 + 247𝑥1 + 2121𝑥2 − 226𝑥3 − 1546𝑥4
2. R-sq 74.49% 72.37% 51.95% 51.99%
3. Test for𝛃 𝟎 𝑡 = 3.02, 𝑝 = 0.009** 𝑡 = −0.66, 𝑝 = 0.517 𝑡 = 2.76, 𝑝 = 0.014** 𝑡 = 2.75, 𝑝 = 0.015**
4. Test for 𝛃 𝟏 𝑡 = 2.22, 𝑝 = 0.042** 𝑡 = 2.09, 𝑝 = 0.054* 𝑡 = 2.28, 𝑝 = 0.038** 𝑡 = 2.28, 𝑝 = 0.038**
4. Test for 𝛃 𝟐 𝑡 = 3.05, 𝑝 = 0.008** 𝑡 = 2.90, 𝑝 = 0.011** 𝑡 = 3.04, 𝑝 = 0.008** 𝑡 = 3.04, 𝑝 = 0.008**
4. Test for 𝛃 𝟑 𝑡 = −0.65, 𝑝 = 0.523 𝑡 = −0.68, 𝑝 = 0.506 𝑡 = −0.67, 𝑝 = 0.516 𝑡 = −0.67, 𝑝 = 0.516
4. Test for 𝛃 𝟒 𝑡 = 2.61 𝑝 = 0.020** 𝑡 = 2.47 𝑝 = 0.026** 𝑡 = −1.15 𝑝 = 0.269 𝑡 = −1.13, 𝑝 = 0.274
▪ Lead Time & Energy Cost
• Lead Time and Energy Cost are manufacturing performance significantly affected by build time
• The higher machine complexity, the less the amount of filament extruded per unit time
➢ It increases build time (Influenced by build time)
➢ High influence on Lead Time & Energy Cost
▪ Material Cost
• Although machine efficiency is high, machine needs same amount of material
➢ Machine complexity does not affect material cost that much
14. Conclusion & Discussion006
▪ Impact of Shape ∙ Volume Complexity (Design Complexity)
• When the design factor is complicated, such as a curved line or a hole in the design of the product, FFF method generates support
unlike other additive manufacturing techniques such as SLA and EBM (Low design freedom)
• Shape ·volume complexity can be expressed as an element of design, and the occurrence of support negatively impacts on
manufacturing performance
➢ In additive manufacturing using FFF, the complex design impacts negatively on manufacturing performance
▪ Impact of Process ∙ Machine Complexity (Manufacturing Complexity)
• In additive manufacturing, the process of nozzle reflects the complex manufacturing of traditional manufacturing system and
nozzle of 3D printer is moved by G-code command
• Since the number of G- Code directly impacts on the manufacturing performance rather than the commonality of nozzle
movements according to G-Code, it was found that process complexity has relatively little effect
• The higher machine complexity is the less the amount of filament extruded per unit time and leads to increase build time which is a
high influence on lead time and energy cost
➢ In additive manufacturing, the negative impacts of complex manufacturing on manufacturing performance slightly increase
SLA∙EBM
FFF
FFF advantage
SLA∙EBM advantage
Manufacturing
Complexity
Design
Complexity
15. Conclusion & Discussion006
▪ Apply to Product Design & Development Phase for Additive Manufacturing
• When designing a product in additive manufacturing, we provide guidelines to help building the product within
acceptable operating costs by controlling complexity
• If the product can be designed freely, re-design can reduce the complexity of the product
• If re-design is not possible because the required product design is fixed, complexity can be reduced by adjusting
parameter settings
▪ Future research direction
• It is necessary to define more complex factors that may occur in additive manufacturing and to increase the reliability
of the analysis results through additional data collection
• In addition, the analysis results will show the efficiency of 3d printing compared to existing traditional manufacturing
systems