Mitotic Mistakes

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Mitotic Mistakes What happens when things go wrong?

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During Mitosis and Meiosis, describe how and where errors might be made then give examples of some diseases that occur because of such events. Solution Living cells divide to form new cells in order to repair worn-out or damaged tissues throughout an organism, and (in the gametes only) to enable the exchange of genetic material at the initial stage of the process of sexual reproduction. (A gamete is a mature sex cell, specifically the ovum of the female or the spermatozoon of the male.) The two types of cell division are generally called mitosis and meiosis but, strictly, these terms refer to the stages of division of the cell nucleus for somatic (non-reproductive) and reproductive cells, respectively. Mitosis Mitosis is the type of cell division by which a single cell divides in such a way as to produce two genetically identical \"daughter cells\". This is the method by which the body produces new cells for both growth and repair of aging or damaged tissues throughout the body. Meiosis Meiosis is a \"reduction division\" in which a cell divides into four \"daughter cells\" each of which has half of the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis occurs prior to the formation of sperm (in males) and ova (in females). Meiosis only occurs in the \"gametes\". Meiosis consists of two successive divisions, each of which is divided into four phases. The first meiotic division is similar to mitosis and the second meiotic division is the \"reduction\" stage. Meiosis enables the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes. Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis). There are three forms of nondisjunctions: 1. Failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I, 2. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and 3. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis. Nondisjunction results in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy). The result of this error is a cell with an imbalance of chromosomes. Such a cell is said to be aneuploid. Loss of a single chromosome (2n-1), in which the daughter cell with the defect will have one chromosome missing from one of its pairs, is referred to as a monosomy. Gaining a single chromosome, in which the daughter cell with the defect will have one chromosome in addition to its pairs is referred to as a trisomy. In the event that an aneuploidic gamete is fertilized, a number of syndromes might result. Monosomy The only known survivable monosomy in humans is Turner syndrome, where the affected individual is monosomic for the X chromosome. Other monosomies are usually lethal during early fetal development. Turner syndrome (X monosomy) (45, X0) Karyotype of X monosomy (Turner syndrome): This condition is characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome. Complete loss of an entire X chromosome accounts for about half the cases of.

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