social cognitive theory

1. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
“ALBERT BANDURA”
Presented by :
AHMAD FARIQ A ( 113 11 059 )
RIA PUSPITA SARI ( 113 11 061 )
IKA NUR AINI ( 113 11 071 )

2. ALBERT BANDURA
ALBERT BANDURA WAS BORN ON
DECEMBER 4,1925, IN MUNDARE, A SMALL
TOWN IHE OBTAINED HIS B.A FROM THE
UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND
HIS M.A IN 1951,AND HIS PH.D IN 1952 BOTH
FROM UNIVERSITY OF LOWA.N ALBERTA
CANADA. HE DID A POST DOCTORAL
INTERNSHIP AT THE WICHITA GUIDANCE
CENTER IN 1953 AND THEN JOINED THE
FACULTY AT STANDFORD UNIVERSITY

3. EARLIER EXPLANATIONS OF
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

4. •THORNDIKE’S AND WATSON’S
EXPLANATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING.
THROUGH THE CENTURIES
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING WAS TAKEN
FOR GRANTED AND USUALLY EXPLAINED
BY POSTULATING A NATURAL TENDENCY
FOR HUMANS TO IMITATE WHAT THEY
SEE OTHERS DO.

5. • MILLER AND DOLLARD’S
EXPLANATION OF
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.
MILLER AND DOLLARDS IMITATIVE
LEARNING IS SIMPLY A SPECIAL CASE
OF INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING,
MILLER AND DOLLARD (1941) DIVIDED
BEHAVIOR INTO THREE CATEGORIES :
1. SAME BEHAVIOR
2. COPYING BEHAVIOR
3. MATCHED-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR

6. •THE SKINNERIAN ANALYSIS OF
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.
THE SKINNERIAN EXPLANATION OF
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IS VERY SIMILAR
TO MILLER AND DOLLARD. FIRST A MODEL’S
BEHAVIOR IS OBSERVED, NEXT MATCHING
RESPONSE IS REINFORCED.

7. •NONHUMANS CAN LEARN BY
OBSERVING
RECENT RESEARCH ARE SURPRISING
BECAUSE THE DATA SUGGEST THAT DESPITE
CLAIM TO THE CONTRARY, SOME NON
HUMANS CAN ACQUIRE FAIRLY COMPLEX
LEARNING BY OBSERVING OTHER MEMBERS
OF THEIR SPECIES AND THEY CAN DO SO
WITHOUT DIRECT REINFORCEMENT
•

8. BANDURA’S EXPLANATION OF
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
ACCORDING TO BANDURA , OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING MAY OR MAY NOT INVOLVE
IMITATION. WHAT YOU LEARNED ,
ACCORDING TO BANDURA WAS
INFORMATION, WHICH WAS PROCESS
COGNITIVELY AND ACTED ON IN A WAY THAT
WAS ADVANTAGEOUS.

9. EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION
• BANDURA FINDS SEVERAL THINGS
INCORRECT ABOUT SKINNER, MILLER AND
DOLLARD”S EXPLANATION OF OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING.
1. THEY DO NOT EXPLAIN HOW LEARNING
CAN OCCUR WHEN THE MODELS ARE
REINFORCED FOR THEIR ACTIONS.
2. THE DO NOT EXPLAIN DELAYED MODELING
3. BANDURA MAINTAINS THAT ALL OF
INGREDIENTS ESSENTIAL FOR AN OPERANT
ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
ARE MISSING, THERE IS OFTEN NO

10. MAJOR THEORETICAL
CONCEPTS
• BANDURA (1986) LIST PROCESSES THAT
INFLUENCE OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.
1. ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES :
2. RETENTIONAL PROCESSES
3. BEHAVIORAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES
4. MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES

11. 5. RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
6. SELF-REGULATION OF BEHAVIOR
7. MORAL-CONDUCT
8. DETERMINISM VS FREEDOM

12. FAULTY COGNITIVE PROCESSES
• BANDURA GIVES SEVERAL REASONS FOR
THEIR DEVELOPMENT OF FAULT
COGNITIVE PROCESSES. FIRST,
CHILDREN MAY DEVELOP FALSE BELIEFS
BECAUSE THEY TEND TO EVALUATE
THINGS ON THE BASIS OF APPEARANCE.
SECOND, ERRORS IN THOUGHT CAN
ACCUR WHEN INFORMATION IS DERIVED
FROM INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE

13. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
 What modelling can accomplish.
modelling has several kinds of effects on
observers. Thus abstrak model has three
components:
1. Observing a wide variety of situations that
have a rule or principle common
2. Extracting the rule from the diverse
experiences
3. Utilizing the rule in new situation.

14.  MODELING IN THE CLINICAL SETTING
ACCORDING TO BANDURA,
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY RESULTS FROM
DYSFUNCTIONAL LEARNING, WHICH
CAUSES INCORRECT ANTICIPATIONS
ABOUT THE WORLD. THE JOB OF THE
PSYCHOTHERAPIST IS TO PROVIDE
EXPERIENCES THAT WILL DISCONFIRM
ERRONEOUS EXPECTATIONS AND
REPLACE THEM WITH MORE ACCURATE
AND LESS DISABLING ONES.

15. THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEWS
AND ENTERTAINMENT MEDIA
BANDURA BELIEVES THAT WE CAN LEARN AS
MUCH FROM VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES AS
FROM OBSERVING THE CONSEQUENCES
OF YOUR BEHAVIOR. WE HAVE ALSO SEEN
THAT BANDURA DEFINES A MODEL AS
ANYTHING THAT CONVEYS INFORMATION
(NEWSPAPERS, TELEVISION, AND MOTION
PICTURES ACT AS MODELS ) OF COURSE,
NOT EVERYTHING LEARNED FROM THE
NEWS AND ENTERTAINMENT MEDIA IS
NEGATIVE, BUT SOMETIMES IT CAN BE

16. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
BANDURA’S COGNITIVE THEORY IS MUCH
MORE COMPREHENSIVE. BANDURA ALSO
CONSENTRATES ON SOCIAL BEHAVIOR,
BUT HIS THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IS
NOT HULLIAN. TO DIFFERENTIATE HIS
THEORY FROM THOSE SUCH AS TOLMAN’S
AND DOLLARD’S AND MILLER’S, BANDURA
PREFER THE LABEL SOCIAL COGNITIVE
THEORY.

17. HUMAN AGENCY
WE EXAMINE WHAT BANDURA REFERS TO AS
THE “ CORE FEATURES “ OF HUMAN
AGENCY:
• INTENTIONALITY
• FORETHOUGHT
• SELF REACTIVENESS
• SELF REFLECTIVENESS

18. BANDURA ON EDUCATION
BANDURA’S THEORY HAS MANY
IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION. YOU MAY
RECALL THAT BANDURA BELIEVES THAT
ANYTHING CAN BE LEARNED BY DIRECT
EXPERIENCES CAN ALSO BE LEARNED
FROM OBSERVATION. BANDURA ALSO
BELIEVES THAT MODELS ARE MOST
EFFECTIVE IF THEY ARE SEEN AS A
HAVING RESPECT, COMPETENCE, HIGH
STATUS, OR POWER.

20. • FAIZ :