1. SAFETY MEASURES FOR TABLE-TOP
RUNWAY OF MANGALORE AIRPORT
Presented By:
Ambika Kuity (12103161)
Pranamesh Chakraborty (12103046)
Subrat Naik (12103059)
Team -3

2. The Mangalore Air Crash
Date – 22nd May, 2010
Causalities- 158 people
Third Deadliest Aviation Disaster in India
The table top runway in Mangalore airport
has been identified to be a causative factor
for this crash.
Source: Report on Air India Express Boeing 737-800 Aircraft VT-AXV (Gokhale

4. How did the Accident Occurred
The aircraft overshot the runway including the strip
of 60 meters and runway safety area of 90 meters
Its right wing bore upon the localiser antenna
structure located further at 85 meters from the end of
RESA
Fell into the gorge and broke into three pieces

5. Important Runway Safety measures suggested by Ministry
of Civil Aviation of India
The RESA should be ploughed periodically to reduce the
growth of shrubs and vegetation in this zone
Regular sand filling and ploughing act as Soft ground
arrestor (SGA) at RESA.
The ILS mounting structure should be frangible in nature.
Installation of Distance to Go Markers (DTGM) on
runway shoulders
There should be no downward slope in the overshoot area
for table top runway.
urce: Report on Air India Express Boeing 737-800 Aircraft VT-AXV (Gokhale, BN, 2010)

6. Safety Measures to prevent Runway Overrun
Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) in RESA
Soft Ground Arresting System (SGAS)
Lead-in-Approach lighting system
Frangible ILS Mounting Structure

7. Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS)
EMAS is a bed of cellular cement blocks
It is designed such that will crush under the weight of aircraft.
The loss of energy due to crushing of the EMAS materials slows
down the overrunning aircraft
It is placed at the end of the runway to decelerate an overrunning
aircraft.
Theory of Operation of EMAS
(IATA Regional Workshop, 2011).

8. General Configuration Operation of EMAS
(IATA Regional Workshop, 2011).
Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (Contd.)
Successful Applications:-
Currently there are 48 EMAS installed at 32 airports around the
world.
 From 2004-2010, 3 overrun accidents were arrested by EMAS and a
total of 5 accidents till date.
EMAS arresting overrun accidents
(IATA Regional Workshop, 2011).

9. Cost of Installation of EMAS
Normalized mean costs from survey compared with FAA Order 5200.9

10. Frangible ILS Mounting Structure
Any equipment or installation required for air navigation purposes
located on a Runway End Safety Area (RESA) should be frangible and
mounted as low as possible(Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 6, Section
1.3.3).
 Location
The ILS localizer should preferably be located on the extended centreline beyond the
far end of the runway.
Failure Mode
Two types of design can be done:-
1.Modular design, which on impact, disintegrates and allows the aircraft to pass
through
2.One-piece design, which on impact, are deflected away by the aircraft, but do not
disintegrate

11. Frangibility can be achieved by using
Frangible ILS Mounting Structure (Contd.)
Frangible Connection
Frangible Members.
Fuse Bolt-Frangible Connections
(Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 6)
Frangible Tower
(Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 6)

12. SOFT GROUND ARRESTING SYSTEM (SGAS)
 In late 1960’s Great Britain started experiment on
SGAS
 Arrestor bed was made by formaldehyde foam of
varying depth, length and density
Landing mass 120,000 pounds
Speed upto 56 knots
 It shows that arrestor bed is independent of speed

13.  Arresting system is actively employed by US navy as shown in
the figure
 The facility of using nets and cables require high installation and
maintenance cost which may create as an obstacle on runway
 Rapid deceleration causes discomfort to passengers, crew
members and aircraft integrity
 After research of accident of JFK International Airport “Plastic
Foam covered Overrun” shows more suitable alternative.
Fig: Plastic Foam &
SGAS at JFK
International Airport
(FAA)
SOFT GROUND ARRESTING SYSTEM (Contd.)
Anchor chain as arresting gear for aircraft used by U.S. air Force
(Source: 1st Tactical studies group (2011), “Submarine aircraft carriers”)

14. SGAS Installation conditions
As per Federal Aviation Administration, 1000m
length is required beyond the runway end for
minimizing the hazards of overruns of aircraft.
a) There may be obstacles like
road and rail lines.
b) It may contain natural obstacles
such as bodies of water or
sharp drop-offs.
c) Environmental restrained like
wetland encroachment

15. What does SGAS do?
Fig: Wheel/Foam Interface Model
(Source: White, J.C et. al., 1993)

16. Lead-in-Approach Lighting System
 Bremen Airport, Germany
 Calicut International Airport, India
 Increasing safety during night and poor visibility condition
Fig : Approach lighting system at Bremen airport Calicut airport with frangible structure
(Tom Allett (2012), “Polite backs India’s Safety Approach")

17. Conclusions
The different options to reduce the risks of runway
overrun in the table-top runway of Mangalore Airport
are
 Install EMAS bed in RESA, frangible ILS localizer to
reduce the impact on the aircraft in case it overshoots
 LED lighting system can also be installed to improve
visibility in case of bad weather.

18. Future Scope of Study
 Runway Overrun Prevention System (ROPS)
Runway Overrun Warning (ROW)
referred Runway Overrun Protection
(ROP)

19. References
1. Aerodrome Design Manual, Part-6, (2006) "Frangibility", International Civil Aviation Organisation.
2. "Developing Improved Civil Aircraft Arresting Systems", ACRP Report 29 (2009). Transportation Research
Board, Washington D.C.
3. FAA AC 150/5220-22B, (2012) "Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) for Aircraft Overruns",
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), U.S Department of Transportation.
4. FAA AC 150/5300-13, (1989) "Airport Design", Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), U.S Department of
Transportation.
5. FAA AC 150/5340-1K, (2010) "Standards for Airport Markings", Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
U.S Department of Transportation.
6. FAA AC 150/5300-23, (2009) "Frangible Connections", Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), U.S
Department of Transportation.
7. 1st Tactical studies group (2011), “Submarine Aircraft Carriers: The Future for The US Navy in The 21st
Century”.
8. Gokhale, BN. (2010), “Report on Accident to Air India Express Boeing 737-800 Aircraft VT-AXV on 22nd
May 2010 at Mangalore”, Government of India, Ministry of Civil Aviation.
9. Mangalore Airport (India) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on August 28,2012 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_International_Airport.
10. Tom Allett (2012), “Polite backs India’s Safety Approach”.
11. Use of Technology to mitigate overrun aftermath.(2011) International Air Transport Association (IATA)
Regional Workshop. Runway Excursion Risk Reduction(RERR) 2nd Edition.
12. White, J.C., Cook, R.E., Agarwal, S.K. (1993), “Soft Ground Arresting System for Airports”, (Report on
DOT/FAA/CT-93/80), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), U.S. Department of Transportation.

20. Thank you