1. Mod 3
Entering roadway/Move to curb
Vision & Perception
Space management – Good
habits

2. 1.1. Place Foot Firmly onPlace Foot Firmly on
Service BrakeService Brake
2.2. Select Proper GearSelect Proper Gear
- Overdrive, Drive, or Reverse
3.3. Perform Traffic ChecksPerform Traffic Checks
- Forward, Rear, and Sides
4.4. Apply Proper SignalApply Proper Signal
- Communicate Intentions
Entering Roadway TasksEntering Roadway Tasks

3. 5.5. Release Parking BrakeRelease Parking Brake
6.6. Select Gap in Traffic FlowSelect Gap in Traffic Flow
7.7. Move to LaneMove to Lane
- Target Lane Position #1
- Release Service Brake
- Accelerate Gradually
- Steer to Center of Lane
Entering Roadway TasksEntering Roadway Tasks
3 feet
Lane Position #1Lane Position #1
CENTER OF LANE
3 feet

4.  Traffic ChecksTraffic Checks
Front/Front/Rear/Sides
 Proper SignalProper Signal
 Target AheadTarget Ahead
 Check Visual ReferenceCheck Visual Reference
- for 6” from Curb
 Side Mirror and/or BlindSide Mirror and/or Blind
Area CheckArea Check
Moving to Curb/Side of RoadMoving to Curb/Side of Road

5. Moving to Curb/Side of RoadMoving to Curb/Side of Road
 Adjust Speed UsingAdjust Speed Using
Controlled BrakingControlled Braking
 Use Gradual SteeringUse Gradual Steering
- Make Adjustments to
Align Visual Reference
Points
 Re-check TrafficRe-check Traffic
 Cancel Signal IndicatorCancel Signal Indicator

6. • Control Rear MovementControl Rear Movement
Gradually Release Brake PressureGradually Release Brake Pressure
• Move as Slowly as PossibleMove as Slowly as Possible
• Accelerate GraduallyAccelerate Gradually
• Cover the Brake when NeededCover the Brake when Needed
• Steer in the Direction You Want toSteer in the Direction You Want to
Go Using Reference Points toGo Using Reference Points to
Establish PositionEstablish Position
BackingBacking
BackingBacking

7. Top 2 Vision & Perception
 Vision to read & identify distinct objects is called
FOCAL vision and is usually about 3-5 degrees
 Vision needed to judge depth & position is called
CENTRAL vision and is between 30 -36 degrees
 Peripheral vision is 175-185 degrees wide & is
used to detect motion and color changes

8. Capacity of Visual FieldsCapacity of Visual Fields
Focus Vision
Central Vision
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Motion and Color
Changes
Focus Vision (Focal)
Visual Lead, Targeting,
Signs, Signals
Central Vision
(Limited Fringe Area)
Referencing, Path of
Travel, Sightlines
T – 3.13

9. 4. Vision
 If a vehicle is approaching from the side, detect
it’s motion using peripheral vision. Identify the
type of vehicle using central vision. Finally,
determine the make & model using focal vision

10. 5. Good visual habits involve:
 Involve establishing a
path of travel with a
targeted area 20
seconds ahead of the
vehicle
 This is called a
VISUAL LEAD

11. 6. When you are unable to see
your targeted area, you should
 Slow down!
 Reduce speed

12. 7. As speed increases…
 Central & Peripheral vision decreases

13. Following intervals
 2 Seconds…2 Seconds… Allows driver time to steer out
of problem areas at all listed speeds on a dry
surface and stop before problem areas at
speeds under 35 mph.
 3 Seconds…3 Seconds… Allows driver time to steer out
of problem areas at all listed speeds on dry
surface and stop before problem areas at
speeds to 45 mph.
 4 Seconds…4 Seconds… Allows driver to steer out of
problem areas at speeds up to 65 mph on dry
surface and stop before problem areas at
speeds to the legal limit of 65 mph.

14. Calculating Following intervals
One Thousand One
One Thousand Two
One Thousand Three
One Thousand Four

15. Time, Speed & Distance on dry surface
Vehicle Ft./Sec.
Speed Travel
Following Interval
2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 Sec.
1/2 sec 3/4 sec Total
Steer Brake Brake
Dist. Dist. Dist.
30 mph 44 f/s 88 ft. 132 ft. 176 ft. 22 ft. 33 ft. 80 ft.
40 mph 58 f/s 116 ft. 174 ft. 232 ft. 29 ft. 44 ft. 125 ft.
50 mph 74 f/s 148 ft. 222 ft. 296 ft. 37 ft. 56 ft. 190 ft.
60 mph 88 f/s 176 ft. 264 ft. 352 ft. 44 ft. 66 ft. 275 ft.
70 mph 104 f/s 208 ft. 312 ft. 416 ft. 52 ft. 78 ft. 385 ft.

16. Mod 3 Topic 3 & 4
Space management/Good habits
 Process to manage time, space & visibility
to reduce risk.
 S.E.E.I.T.

17. Manage time & space!
S earch
E valuate
E xecute
i n
T ime

18. Space around your vehicle is
described as either:
 Open
 Closed
 Changing

19. What are the 3 potential hazards in
this picture?
1) Pedestrians
2) Oncoming
vehicle
3) Bicyclist

20. IndecisionIndecision
Correct DecisionCorrect Decision
Wrong DecisionWrong Decision
LP 4
Steer left to open space
Steer Right
Must make
good, quick
decisions.
There is
only one
move to
make!

21. When executing a decision to avoid
a crash, you can do one of two
things…
**Change speed
OR
**Change direction

22. Approaching an Intersection
Step 1 (Search)
 Identify Intersection
 Identify Controls
 Check Rear Areas
 Search for Intersection Risks
Step 2 (Evaluate)
 Scan Open Side Areas First
 Scan Closed Side Areas
 Look for Closed or Changing
Frontal Areas
Step 3 (Execute)
 Adjust Speed
 Maintain Lane Position or
Stop Behind Crosswalk
 Proceed Through Open
Space Area or Stop Behind
the Crosswalk

23. Which will most likely lead to a
crash?
Awareness LevelAwareness Level Performance LevelPerformance Level
HabitHabit
JudgmentJudgment
AcceptableAcceptable
AcceptableAcceptable
HabitHabit
JudgmentJudgment
UnacceptableUnacceptable
UnacceptableUnacceptable
Driver Driver

24. Top 4 driver errors that lead to a
crash…(crash facts VA 2007)
1. Following too close
2. Failure to yield
3. Speeding
4. Improper lane
change