Chapter Two Part Two

2.  House of Wisdom
 Alexandria School
 The School of Antakyia
 The school of Haran
 The school of Naseibin and Ar-Raha
 The School of Gundishapur

3.  1st and most reputed translation academy,
library and center.
 A historic hallmark in Islamic history and
civilization.
 Opened because of the active movement of
translation.
 Founded by Ar-Rasheed and developed by
Alma’moon (3rd HC, 9th GC).
 Included huge number of books brought from
different parts of the world.

4.  Supervised by ‫هارون‬ ‫بن‬ ‫سهل‬ and ‫هارون‬ ‫بن‬ ‫سعيد‬
 Great translators worked there: ،‫اسحاق‬ ‫بن‬ ‫حنين‬
‫الطبري‬ ‫فرخان‬ ‫بن‬ ‫عمر‬ ،‫ماسويه‬ ‫بن‬ ‫يوحنا‬ ،‫البطريق‬ ‫بن‬ ‫يوحنا‬
 Support from rulers and rich people.
 Scholars in different fields worked there.
 Books in different fields were translated.
 Also, books authored.
 It made knowledge available to the public.

5.  Founded in 332 BC.
 A center for Greek culture.
 Included books of Greek scholars in philosophy
(Aristotle), medicine (Hippocrates and Galen),
mathematics (Archimedes), geometry(Euclid),
mechanics (Archimedes), and astronomy
(Eratosthenes and Ptolemy).
 Its influence on the Islamic civilization started in
the Umayyad Era, when Khalid bin Yazeed
ordered Steven the Alexandrian to translate some
of the Greek books in this school.
 Replaced by the School of Antakya.

6.  Founded in the 4th century AD.
 Also, a center for Greek civilization.
 Muslims chose it to replace Alexandria School
because it was on the borders between the
Byzantine Empire and Islamic Caliphate.
 Greek and Roman books easily obtained.
 Books were translated into Syriac and later
into Arabic.
 Later, the center of education and knowledge
moved to Haran School.

7.  No one knows when it was established
exactly.
 Another center for Hellenic (Greek) culture.
 Became an important center at the end of the
Umayyad Era.
 City of Sabians who mastered astronomy.
 Birthplace of famous scholars and translators:
bin Qurrah, Sinan, Albattani.
 Many Greek books on math and astronomy
translated into Arabic. Also: medicine and
philosophy.

8.  Naseibin was established for missionary
purposes, North of Iraq.
 Greek philosophy and logic (Aristotle).
 Unfaithful translations, but still useful to
Arabs.
 Education moved to Ar-Ruha which was
similar to it.
 Translations from Greek into Syriac, then
Arabic in the 5th HC (10th C AD).

9.  Founded by Persian King, Kisra Anu Sharwan.
 Became important in the Abbasid era.
 Another channel for Greek culture.
 Its contribution to the Arabic culture is
threefold: 1) books translated from Greek,
Persian, and Syriac, 2) the good translators
who graduated in this school, 3) the medical
research that was conducted by its
physicians, producing original work.

10.  Great translators who contributed to the
prosperous development of translation in the
Islamic world.
 Of different nationalities, languages, and
religions.
 Translated from Greek, Persian, Indian,
Syriac.
 Credited for the scientific progress achieved
by Muslims.
 Were scholars themselves, added to the
translations.

11.  Best translator (one of the best four),
nicknamed the grandmaster.
 A physician, philosopher and translator.
 Multilingual: Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Persian
 Known for his semantic method of
translation; faithful and accurate, high quality
translation.
 Keen to have the original ST, if not, he would
compare different copies, to ensure
authenticity.
 Made long arduous journeys to get originals.

12.  Critical of old translations, including his own.
 Retranslated some of his early translations.
 Most of his translations are from Greek into
Arabic, of books on medicine, philosophy and
logic.
 Was also a prolific author in medicine,
philosophy, logic, theology and Arabic
grammar and lexicography.
 Wrote ‫العين‬ ‫في‬ ‫العشر‬ ‫;المقاالت‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫في‬ ‫مسائل‬

13.  Patronized by Almamoon and Almu’tasim.
 Appointed to Bait AlHikma for his brilliance
and enthusiasm for knowledge.
 Known for his calligraphy.
 After the death of Almu’tasim, his glamor
waned.
 Credited for what was to become standard
Arabic philosophical vocabulary.
 Encyclopedic knowledge, philosopher of the
Arabs.

14.  Wrote books on logic, philosophy, geometry,
arithmetic, astronomy.
 Areas of interest: medicine, mathematics, and
philosophy (his major concern), astronomy,
astrology, politics, physics, music, history,
geography, and law.
 Multilingual: Greek, Persian, Indian/Sanskrit
 Revised, corrected, reviewed, annotated,
simplified and summarized translations by
others.
 He had 241 works in various fields.

15.  A genius in several sciences: medicine, mathematics,
philosophy (main concern), astrology, logic,
arithmetic and astronomy.
 Multilingual: Greek, Syriac, Arabic, and other
languages.
 Established his own translation school at Haran.
 Renowned for accuracy and good style in translation.
 Translated books by Ptolemy, Aristotle, Euclid,
Apollonius, and others.
 Revised, reviewed, and annotated others’
translations.
 Wrote books on medicine, philosophy, mathematics,
and astronomy.

16.  Reputed for his high quality translations from
Persian.
 Served at Alhikma House.

17.  ‫البطريق‬ ‫بن‬ ‫يحيى‬ ‫أبو‬
 ‫البطريق‬ ‫بن‬ ‫يحيى‬
 ‫البعلبكي‬ ‫لوقا‬ ‫بن‬ ‫قسطا‬
 ‫حنين‬ ‫بن‬ ‫إسحق‬
 ‫بن‬ ‫جيش‬‫األعسم‬
 ‫يونس‬ ‫بن‬ ‫متى‬
 ‫قرة‬ ‫بن‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫بن‬ ‫سنان‬
 ‫عدي‬ ‫بن‬ ‫يحيى‬
 ‫زرعة‬ ‫بن‬ ‫سحق‬ ‫بن‬ ‫عيسى‬

18.  The Tartars and Mongols destroyed Bait Alhikma,
and the flourishing Islamic civilization came to an
end in the 7th HC.
 Burned books or threw them into the Tigris.
 Works left by translators were monolithic, in
various field of knowledge, treasures.
 These treasures pushed Europe in the dark ages
to learn the Arab knowledge.
 Europeans translated Arabic books in the 9th and
10th C AD into Latin.
 Preferred the Arabic translations to the originals.

19.  The production of great Muslim scholars ( ‫ابن‬
‫الهيثم‬ ‫ابن‬ ،‫الرازي‬ ،‫الخوارزمي‬ ،‫)سينا‬ were based on these
translations.
 These scholars developed original knowledge
and became authorities in their fields.
 Translators used different methods:
transference, naturalization, paraphrase,
translation into Arabic terms.
Transference/naturalization was used as a
temporary procedure (used at the first
occurrence of a word then the Arabic term is
used later on).

20.  Hunain:
 ‫العين‬...‫يكون‬ ‫أجزائها‬ ‫بجميع‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫و‬ ،‫كثيرة‬ ‫أجزاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫مركبة‬
‫باليونانية‬ ‫المسماة‬ ،‫بالجليد‬ ‫الشبيهة‬ ‫بالرطوبة‬ ‫بل‬ ،‫البصر‬
(‫قريسطالويذاس‬)‫الجليدية‬ ‫أي‬ ،...،‫الجليدية‬ ‫أعني‬ ،‫الرطوبة‬ ‫هذه‬
‫رطوبتين‬ ‫بين‬....
 Enriched the Arabic language with new
vocabulary.
 Majority were non-Arabs, but mastered
Arabic.
 Worked individually. But at some point
they coordinated their work.
 Specialized professionals.