Chapter Two Part Three

2.  After 6 centuries (13th-18th), translation came
back to life in the reign of M. A. Pasha in the 19th
century (1805-1848).
 M. A. was the Albanian commander of the
Turkish army in Egypt. Governor in 1805. self-
acclaimed Khedive of Egypt.
 Had great ambitions to make his country and his
army strong and developed. Planned well for this.
 Revived interest in Arabic, declared it the official
language of Egypt.
 Launched a campaign of Arabization.
 Started by medical sciences.

3.  Established the Medical School at Abu Zaabal.
 The first to start Arabizing and translating in Egypt
were Dr. Clot, the french Chair of Abu Zaabal
School, and Dr. Perron, another teacher in the same
school. Both wrote medical and science books
themselves and translated them accurately.
 Egyptian translators were appointed to keep
company with those foreign teachers and report on
the translations these teachers undertook.
 These translations were revised by specialists from
Al-Azhar university: ‫غانم‬ ‫حسين‬ ،‫محرم‬ ‫محمد‬ ،‫الطهطاوي‬ ‫رفاعة‬
‫,الرشيدي‬ etc.
 Both translators and revisers used to meet and
discuss translations.

4.  120 students were sent to France to study
modern sciences and arts.
 Came back and embarked on translation
projects.
 Translated books in different fields.
 Arabized some specialized dictionaries.
 ،‫النبراوي‬ ‫إبراهيم‬ ،‫الفتاح‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫محمد‬ ،‫هيبة‬ ‫علي‬....
 A group of Syrian translators contributed to
the Arabization movement in Egypt.
 ‫يوحنا‬ ،‫زخور‬ ‫أنطوان‬‫عنحوري‬،‫فرعون‬ ‫يوسف‬ ،‫فيدال‬ ‫جورج‬ ،...
 Translation movement in Egypt, which lasted
for 70 years, came to an end with the death
of M. A. Pasha.

5.  Inventory: 66 books on military sciences, 76
on medical sciences, and 59 on other
sciences, including dictionaries.
 Tens of thousands of terms were Arabized.
 Husni Sabh’s assessment of these efforts:
 1. they were pioneers
 2. applied the modern standards of
translating medical terms
 3. revived Arabic medical terms when
appropriate.
 4. worked hard to create new terms
 5. as a last resort they used borrowing.

6.  Arabization started there in 1919 with the
establishment of the Arabic Medical School.
 In 1919 also, the Arabic Institute of Medicine
declared that one of their main aims was to Arabize
and author books in various fields of knowledge.
 Syria was occupied by the French in 1920, yet they
still taught medicine in Arabic.
 In 1946, they gained independence, and since then,
the Institute, later called Language Academy
undertook the task of Arabizing sciences.
 Translator were members 0f the medical terminology
committee in the Institute: ،‫سبح‬ ‫حسني‬ ،‫خاطر‬ ‫مرشد‬...
 Completed a number of dictionaries.

7.  Prominent translators:
 ‫الشهابي‬ ‫مصطفي‬ ‫األمير‬ a graduate of agricultural
sciences from France
 Published A Dictionary of Agricultural Terms
in 1943, 700 pages long.
 Scientific Terms in Arabic language in 1955.
 An assessment of Arabization efforts in
language academies.
 Put forward a proposal in the Arabic language
Academies Conference held in 1956 to
include all the rules recommended by the
academies in a book to be published by the
Arab league, and to become a constitution for
the Arabization of terms in these academies.

8.  ‫سبح‬ ‫حسني‬
 Graduated form the medical school in
Damascus.
 Wrote 13 books on internal medicine in
Arabic.
 Formed the committee for medical
terminology at the Arabic Institute of Medicine
 Active member, then Chair of the Language
Academy in Damascus
 Other names: ،‫خاني‬ ‫جميل‬ ،‫سعيد‬ ‫رضا‬....

9. Is the Syrian experience successful?
Many people express their satisfaction with this
experience, claiming that it has been a completely
successful one. However, we have started to hear
voices expressing otherwise.
‫لكن‬‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بعد‬ ،‫اليوم‬80‫التي‬ ،‫التجربة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫انطالق‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ا‬‫عام‬
‫ط‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫يشتكي‬ ،‫البداية‬ ‫في‬ ً‫ا‬‫ملفت‬ ً‫ا‬‫نجاح‬ ‫أثبتت‬‫في‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫الب‬
‫كثي‬ ‫صعوبات‬ ‫يعاني‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫تعريب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫من‬ ‫السورية‬ ‫الجامعات‬‫رة‬
‫وأدائه‬ ‫الطالب‬ ‫على‬ ‫تنعكس‬.‫ان‬ ‫التعريب‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫حين‬ ‫ففي‬‫طلقت‬
‫ط‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫أسس‬ ‫لتضع‬ ،‫الماضي‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫مطلع‬ ‫في‬ ‫وكفاءة‬ ‫بحيوية‬‫بية‬
‫ول‬ ‫العرب‬ ‫تفصل‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكبيرة‬ ‫الفجوة‬ ‫رغم‬ ،‫عربية‬‫عن‬ ‫غتهم‬
‫قا‬ ‫غير‬ ‫تبدو‬ ‫اليوم‬ ‫فإنها‬ ،‫الحين‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫في‬ ‫عام‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫العلوم‬‫على‬ ‫درة‬
‫الطبية‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫في‬ ‫الهائلة‬ ‫التطورات‬ ‫متابعة‬.

10. ‫إن‬‫عن‬ ‫عاجزة‬ ‫الحالي‬ ‫وضعها‬ ‫في‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫الطبية‬ ‫المكتبة‬
‫الذ‬ ‫الطبية‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫في‬ ‫والسريع‬ ‫الهائل‬ ‫التطور‬ ‫استيعاب‬‫يسير‬ ‫ي‬
‫السابقة‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫في‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫كان‬ ‫مما‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫بسرعة‬‫حين‬ ،
‫أوجها‬ ‫في‬ ‫التعريب‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫كانت‬.‫ع‬ ‫تقوم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحركة‬ ‫فهذه‬‫لى‬
‫اإلمكانا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫اآلن‬ ‫تفتقر‬ ،‫وحدها‬ ‫سوريا‬ ‫وأطباء‬ ‫أساتذة‬ ‫كاهل‬‫ت‬
‫المطلوب‬ ‫بالعدد‬ ‫باستمرار‬ ‫الطبية‬ ‫المكتبة‬ ‫لرفد‬ ‫الالزمة‬‫من‬
‫الحديثة‬ ‫الترجمات‬.‫الم‬ ‫في‬ ‫المعتمدة‬ ‫الكتب‬ ‫من‬ ‫فالكثير‬‫ناهج‬
‫وحتى‬ ‫عديدة؛‬ ‫سنوات‬ ‫منذ‬ ‫تجديدها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫لم‬ ‫اليوم‬ ‫السورية‬"‫المعجم‬
‫الموحد‬ ‫الطبي‬"‫للمصطلحات‬ ‫األساسي‬ ‫المرجع‬ ّ‫د‬‫يع‬ ‫الذي‬ ،
‫أيض‬ ‫سنوات‬ ‫منذ‬ ‫تجديد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫ألي‬ ‫يخضع‬ ‫لم‬ ،‫بة‬ّ‫المعر‬ً‫ا‬.

11. ‫يقول‬‫موقع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫طالب‬ ‫أحد‬48+2‫على‬ ‫السوريين‬ ‫للطالب‬
‫الموضوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ا‬‫معلق‬ ،‫اإلنترنت‬" :‫الطالب‬ ‫يمسك‬ ‫عندما‬
‫وب‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫صفحاته‬ ‫بين‬ ‫بالتخبط‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ،ً‫ا‬‫أجنبي‬ ً‫ا‬‫مرجع‬‫صفحات‬ ‫ين‬
‫إلى‬ ‫ويعود‬ ّ‫ل‬‫ويم‬ ‫يزهق‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الموحد‬ ‫الطبي‬ ‫العربي‬ ‫المعجم‬‫الكتاب‬
‫الثمانينات‬ ‫أوائل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫معلوماته‬ ‫تعود‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الحديث‬ ‫الجامعي‬‫أو‬
‫التسعينات‬."
‫االستغن‬ ‫واألطباء‬ ‫للطالب‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فإنه‬ ‫الواقع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫وفي‬‫عن‬ ‫اء‬
‫م‬ ‫كل‬ ‫تتضمن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫والدراسات‬ ‫والدوريات‬ ‫األجنبية‬ ‫المراجع‬‫هو‬ ‫ا‬
‫الطب‬ ‫في‬ ‫جديد‬.‫يدرسون‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أنهم‬ ‫يرون‬ ‫الطالب‬ ‫من‬ ‫والكثير‬
‫ف‬ ‫فهم‬ ،‫الجامعية‬ ‫االمتحانات‬ ‫الجتياز‬ ‫إال‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫المقررات‬‫ي‬
‫المراجع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يلجؤون‬ ‫النهاية‬‫األجنبية‬‫المعل‬ ‫على‬ ‫للحصول‬‫ومات‬
‫والحديثة‬ ‫الكاملة‬ ‫الطبية‬.‫الت‬ ‫جدوى‬ ‫عن‬ ‫هؤالء‬ ‫يتساءل‬ ‫ولهذا‬‫دريس‬
‫بلغتين؟‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫عبء‬ ‫وتحميلهم‬ ‫بالعربية‬

12.  Arabization started in Lebanon as early as 1773
when the National School and the Maronite
School opened and sciences were taught in
Arabic.
 Then 2 scientific societies were founded to
promote the use of Arabic in sciences and
literature.
 Important figures who contributed in these
societies: ‫األسير‬ ‫يوسف‬ ،‫البستاني‬ ‫بطرس‬ ،‫اليازجي‬ ‫ناصيف‬
 In 1866 a college was established by American
preachers, followed by other similar schools.
Arabic was used as the medium of instruction
even in medical departments until 1883.

13.  In 1928, the Lebanese president established the
Lebanese Scientific Academy, where several
committees were formed to take care of arabizing
terms in different fields. But this project was
stopped by the following president in 1930.
 Two prominent scholars made great individual
efforts: ‫المعلوف‬ ‫أمين‬ ،‫البستاني‬ ‫بطرس‬
 Albustani: Albustani Encyclopedia in 1868
 Alma’loof (1871-1943): A Dictionary of Animals; A
Dictionary of Astronomy; A Dictionary of Botany.
 Others: ‫كورنيليوس‬‫فانديك‬‫يوحنا‬ ،‫وورتبات‬،‫بوست‬ ‫جورج‬ ،...
 Other Arab countries restated Arabic as the
language of school education.

17.  Language Academies? Check websites.
 Arab Organization for Translation (1999).
Have translated 283 books so far.
 Kalima (2007). Have translated around 900
books (100 yearly).
 King Abdullah International Award for
Translation

18.  Importance of political decision and decision
makers.
 Affect of political situation on translation
activities
 importance of institutional work
 Importance of translator’s skills
 Importance of translation in starting a
civilization
 Importance of translation in enriching
languages.