2. Daftar Pustaka
1. Mostafa Abd-El-Barr
dan Hesham El-
Rewini. 2005.
“Fundamental of
Computer
Organization and
Architecture”, A John
Wiley & Sons, Inc
Publication.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 2
5. Penilaian
1. Minimal 75% kehadiran [syarat UAS]
2. UTS 35%
3. UAS 35%
4. Tugas mandiri/terstruktur 30%
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 5
6. Pokok Bahasan
Sistem komputer, desain dan konsep ISA
(Instruction Set Computer), Assembly
Language Programming, Aritmatika Komputer,
desain CPU, sistem memori, desain dan
organisasi I/O unit, Pipelining Design
Techniques, Reduced Instruction Set
Computers (RISCs), dan Multiprocessor.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 6
7. Pokok Bahasan #1
1. Latar Belakang Sejarah
2. Perkembangan Arsitektur Komputer
3. Perkembangan Teknologi Komputer
4. Pengukuran Performa Komputer
5. Simpulan
6. Latihan
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 7
8. Latar Belakang Sejarah
1. Z1 (1938) Program-controlled (mechanical)
computer
2. Z2 (1939) Program-controlled computer with
fixed-point arithmetic.
3. Z3 (Germany in 1941) complete design of a
fully functional programmable special-
purpose machine
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 8
9. Latar Belakang Sejarah
4. ENIAC (1944) Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator (first operational general-purpose
machine built using vacuum tubes)
5. IAS (1946) Institute for Advanced Study
(Princeton) 10 times faster than the ENIAC
6. EDSAC (1949) Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator (stored-program
computer)
7. EDVAC (1952) Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer (stored programs)
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 9
10. Latar Belakang Sejarah
8. Harvard Architecture (MARK I, II, III, and IV)
introduced the concept of separate
memories for instructions and data
9. UNIVersal Automatic Computer - UNIVAC I
(1951) - The first general-purpose
commercial computer
10.IBM 701 (1952)
11.IBM 360 series (1964)
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 10
11. Latar Belakang Sejarah
11.Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) - PDP-8
(1964)
12.Intel 4004 (1971)
13.Apple computer PC, VAX-11/780 by DEC
(1977)
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 11
13. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• Computer architects have always been striving to
increase the performance of their architectures
• reducing the “semantic gap” between the
instructions in a high-level language and those in
the low-level (machine) language.
• A single (machine) instruction to convert several
binary coded decimal (BCD) numbers to binary is
an example for how complex some instructions
were intended to be.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 13
14. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• The huge number of addressing modes
considered (more than 20 in the VAX machine)
further adds to the complexity of instructions.
• Machines following this philosophy have been
referred to as complex instructions set
computers (CISCs)
• Examples of CISC machines include the Intel
PentiumTM, the Motorola MC68000TM, and
the IBM & Macintosh PowerPCTM.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 14
15. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• It should be noted that as more capabilities
were added to their processors,
manufacturers realized that it was increasingly
difficult to support higher clock rates that
would have been possible otherwise.
• This is because of the increased complexity of
computations within a single clock period.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 15
16. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• A number of studies from the mid-1970s and
early-1980s also identified that in typical
programs more than 80% of the instructions
executed are those using assignment
statements, conditional branching and
procedure calls.
• It was also surprising to find out that simple
assignment statements constitute almost 50%
of those operations.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 16
17. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• the optimization of architectures by speeding up
those operations that are most frequently used
while reducing the instruction complexities and
the number of addressing modes.
• Machines following this philosophy have been
referred to as reduced instructions set computers
(RISCs)
• Examples of RISCs include the Sun SPARCTM and
MIPSTM machines.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 17
19. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• A user of a computer measures its
performance based on the time taken to
execute a given job (program)
• A laboratory engineer measures the
performance of his system by the total
amount of work done in a given time
• A metric for assessing the performance of a
computer helps comparing alternative designs
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 19
20. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• Performance analysis should help answering
questions such as how fast can a program be
executed using a given computer?
• we need to determine the time taken by a
computer to execute a given job and we
define the clock cycle time as the time
between two consecutive rising (trailing)
edges of a periodic clock signal (Fig. 1.1)
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 20
22. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• We denote the number of CPU clock cycles for
executing a job to be the cycle count (CC), the
cycle time by CT, and the clock frequency by f
¼ 1/CT.
• The time taken by the CPU to execute a job
can be expressed as
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 22
23. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• Therefore, the average number of clock cycles
per instruction (CPI) has been used as an
alternate performance measure
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 23
24. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• It is known that the instruction set of a given
machine consists of a number of instruction
categories: ALU (simple assignment and
arithmetic and logic instructions), load, store,
branch, and so on.
• where Ii is the number of times an instruction of type i is executed in the
program and CPIi is the average number of clock cycles needed to execute
such instruction.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 24
25. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• Example Consider computing the overall CPI
for a machine A for which the following
performance measures were recorded when
executing a set of benchmark programs.
Assume that the clock rate of the CPU is 200
MHz.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 25
27. Pokok Bahasan #1
1. Latar Belakang Sejarah
2. Perkembangan Arsitektur Komputer
3. Perkembangan Teknologi Komputer
4. Pengukuran Performa Komputer
5. Simpulan
6. Definisi Komputer
7. Definisi Organisasi Komputer
8. Definisi Arsitektur komputer
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 27
28. Definisi Komputer
suatu alat elektronik yg mampu melakukan
beberapa tugas seperti menerima input,
memproses input tadi sesuai dengan
programnya, menyimpan perintah-perintah
dan hasil pengolahan, serta menyediakan
output dalam bentuk informasi [Robert H.
Blissmer dlm buku Computer Annual]
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 28
29. Definisi Komputer
sistem elektronik utk memanipulasi data yg
cepat dan tepat serta dirancang dan
diorganisasikan supaya secara otomatis
menerima dan menyimpan data input,
memprosesnya dan menghasilkan output
dibawah pengawasan suatu langkah-langkah,
instruksi2 program yg tersimpan di memori
(stored program) [Donald H. Sanders dlm
buku Computer Today]
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 29
30. Definisi Komputer
mesin penghitung eletronik yg cepat dapat
menerima informasi input digital,
memprosesnya sesuai dengan suatu program
yg tersimpan di memorinya dan menghasilkan
output informasi [Hamacher dkk, dlm buku
Computer Organization]
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 30
31. Definisi Komputer
Sekumpulan alat elektronik yang saling
bekerja sama, dapat menerima data (input),
mengolah data (proses) dan memberikan
informasi (output) serta terkoordinasi
dibawah kontrol program yang tersimpan di
memorinya.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 31
32. Fungsi Komputer
1. Pengolahan data - Data processing
2. Penyimpanan data - Data storage
3. Pemindahan data - Data movement
4. Kendali - Control
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 32
36. Komponen Sistem Komputer
1. Hardware
CPU unit
IO unit
Memory unit
2. Software
3. Brainware
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 36
37. Definisi Organisasi Komputer
Organisasi komputer berkaitan dengan unit-
unit operasional dan interkoneksinya yang
merealisasikan spesifikasi arsitektural
Misal : Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 37
38. Definisi Arsitektur Komputer
Arsitektur komputer berkaitan dengan atribut
– atribut yang mempunyai dampak langsung
pada eksekusi logis sebuah program. [William
Stalling]
Misal : Set Instruksi, jumlah bit yang
digunakan untuk penyajian data, mekanisme
I/O, teknik pengalamantan (addressing
techniques).
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 38
39. Definisi Arsitektur Komputer
adalah konsep perencanaan dan struktur
pengoperasian dasar dari suatu sistem
komputer.
bagaimana CPU bekerja
cara pengaksesan data dan alamat dari dan ke
memori
Arsitektur von Neumann, CISC, dan RISC
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 39
40. Arsitektur Komputer
1. Set instruksi (ISA)
2. Arsitektur mikro dari ISA, dan
3. Sistem desain dari seluruh komponen dalam
perangkat keras komputer
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 40
41. Organisasi vs Arsitektur Komputer
Pabrik komputer menawarkan sekelompok model
komputer, yang semuanya memiliki arsitektur yang
sama tetapi dengan organisasi yang berbeda.
Akibatnya, model – model yang berbeda akan memiliki
harga dan karakteristik kinerja yang berbeda. Selain itu
suatu arsitektur dapat bertahan selama bertahun –
tahun dan meliputi sejumlah model komputer yang
berbeda, namun organisasinya dapat berubah – ubah
sesuai seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 41
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