2. OUTLINE
 QUEST FOR FUTURE FUELS
 TYPES OF FUTURE FUELS
 FUELS
 HOW THEY ARE PREPARED
 USES
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES

3. QUEST FOR FUTURE FUELS
 Fuel resources that our planet hold is exhaustible and will end in
the coming future
 Rapid industrialization and massive growth in population has
increased the dependence and use of natural fuels
 Approximately 90% of our energy requirement are met by fossil
fuels
 This increase in energy consumption particularly in the past
several decades has raised fears of exhausting vital natural
resources
 So this has placed a need for us to engage ourselves in search of
fuels which would support us in the future when no fossil fuels are
present

4. TYPES OF FUTURE FUELS
 BIODIESEL
 Derived from Soy bean, sunflowers, corn, olive, peanut, palm, coconut and
animal fats
 Has same vehicular performance as Diesel
 Economical fuel source
 It is sulfur free
 Completely renewable fuel source

5. HOW IS IT PRODUCED
 chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat )with
an alcohol producing fatty acid esters which is biodiesel
USES
 Mixed with diesel to reduce pollution
 Can be directly used in vehicles

6.  HYDROGEN
 It is an emission less fuel
 By-product of hydrogen burning is water
 Stores up to 3x as much energy as conventional
natural gas
 If used in a car, it would take comparatively less to fill it
up than a car running on standard fuel due to the
hydrogen fuel cell efficiency

7. WAYS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN
 hydrogen is usually produced by the steam
reforming of methane or natural gas
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2 + 191.7 kJ/mol
 Partial oxidation of sub stoichiometric fuel-air
mixture in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich syngas
C12H24 + 6 O2 → 12 CO + 12 H2
 H2 is also produced by Coal Gasification yielding
syngas

8. USES
 H2 is widely used in fuel cells for electricity generation and vehicle
propulsion
 Widely used for Rocket Engines

9.  ALCOHOL FUELS
 They are convenient fuels for storing and transporting energy
 Is a renewable energy source
 Can be produced from a variety of feedstock such as sugar
cane, potatoes, sweet potatoes, molasses, corn, etc.
 Is a particulate-free burning fuel source

10. HOW IS IT PRODUCED
 Methanol is produced from natural gas, although it can be
produced from biomass using very similar chemical processes
 Ethanol is commonly produced from biological material through
fermentation processes
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
USES
 Most commonly used to power automobiles
 Additive for gasoline

11.  NUCLEAR REACTORS
 Nuclear power is a nuclear technology designed to extract usable
energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions
 Nuclear power is usually used by using a nuclear reactor to heat a
working fluid such as water, which is then used to create steam
pressure, which is converted into mechanical work for the
purpose of generating electricity or propulsion in water
 It is completely a pollution free source, however spent nuclear fuel
poses a threat

12. HOW IS NUCLEAR FUEL PRODUCED
 To prepare uranium for use in a nuclear reactor, it undergoes the
steps of mining and milling, conversion, enrichment and fuel
fabrication

13. USES
 It is most widely used for electricity generation
 TOPAZ nuclear reactor are built to minimize moving parts and use
methods that convert nuclear energy to electricity directly making
them useful for space missions
 Naval vessels making use nuclear powered engines have come
into existence
 Nuclear powered crafts are under development

14.  RADIOTHERMAL GENERATORS
 Radio Thermal Generators produce electricity from
the decay of a radioisotope
 Radioisotopes have been used as alternative fuels,
on both land and in space
 The decay of radioisotopes generates both heat and electricity in
many space probes, particularly probes to outer planets where
sunlight is weak, and low temperatures is a problem

15. CONCLUSIONS
 The future fuel sources are environment-friendly as opposed to
fossil fuels
 Throughout the year these sources are available without affecting
the Environment
 Using these fuels helps diminish Global Warming
 Helps conserve natural resources

16. REFERENCES
 “Alternate Fuels”. 20 september 2012.
http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/biofuels
 “Hydrogen”. 20 september 2012.
http://www.alternatefuels.com/hydrogen.htm
 “Ethanol Fuel”. 20 september 2012.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel
 “Future Fuels”. 21 september 2012.
http://www.rac.co.uk/advice/car-knowledge/top-ten/top-10-future-
fuels/