1. AN OVER VIEW OF
THE HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
BY
N.KRISHNAM RAJU
ADVISOR TO APHB
2. Introduction
In Metropolitan Cities , where the pressure on land
is rapidly Increasing due to rapid growth of
industry and trend towards Urbanization, vertical
expansion is the only answer.
Multi storeyed buildings lead to greater co
ordination Between various departments and their
efficient functioning.
General principles of planning and design of multi
storeyed have been discussed.
3. Generally Building Construction
is Classified as :
1. Load Bearing
2. RCC Framed
3. Composite Structure
What is a Project ?
In simple term project is one temporary activity with a
clear start and a end
4. The main elements are
1. Time
2. Cost
3. Resources
4. Clear roles and responsibility
5. Delivery
Detailed Design :
1. Develop detailed design from approved scheme
design.
2. Detailed design will confirm type of construction,
quality of materials and standard of workmanship.
5. Specifications :
Prepare detailed information including
Drawing Schedules
Specification of Materials
Workmanship
6. Design :
1. Evaluation of design requirements
2. Review of compatibility of the design with the plan and
budget.
3. Identification of design objectives, design stages, activities
and elements.
4. Regular Monitoring of the design development.
5. Identification of proposed design changes and their
resolution.
6. Assessment of design progress related to the design
schedule.
7. Evaluation of as to the completeness of construction
information.
8. Review of sample materials and mock ups for compliance
with specifications.
9. Identification and arrangement of the final standard of
acceptance of the construction..
8. The Main components of Buildings are :
1. Earth Work :
1. Excavation of Foundation.
2. Filling in Foundation
3. Filling in Basement.
4. Open and Pile Foundation
2. Section : Concrete
3. Section : Brick masonry / Stone masonry
4. Section : Flooring
5. Section : Roofing and Ceiling
6. Section : Plastering, Painting.
7. Section : Wood Work
8. Section : Structural Steel Work.
9. Plumbing Services.
10.Miscellanies.
15. RCC Frame Structures :
1. Generally buildings are constructed in two categories.
2. Framed Structure usually built with column and beam and
in filled brick walls.
3. Load bearing structure is usually built with 1 ½ brick thick
both for external and internal walls.
The Design of a structure presents two told problems :
1. If has to be so constructed that it serves the need
efficiently for which it was intended (Functional design)
2. It has to be strong enough to resist the loads and forces to
which it is subjected during its service (Structure design)
16. The important aspects in the structural design are
1. To determine the loads / forces which the frame
work will be required to support.
2. Selection of a suitable structural arrangement
and materials of construction.
3. Analyzing the internal stresses in the frame
work.
4. Proportioning the members of the frame work.
17. General Design Consideration :
1. Aim Design :
To provide a safe and economic structure
complying to the users requirement.
2.Method of Design :
Structure and structural elements shall normally
be designed by limit state method.
Mix design with suitable materials, quality
control, adequate detailing and good super vision
are equally important.
18. 3. Durability, Workmanship and Materials :
1. Quality of concrete, steel, other materials,
workmanship, should be adequate for safety,
serviceability and durability.
Type of Construction
1. Load bearing (up to 1 or 2 floor)
2. Reinforced frame (RCC)
3. Composite construction For High rise
structures
4. Steel framed construction
5. Concrete walls (shear walls) structures.
19. 4. Choice of mix
Based on the No. of floors and flexural stresses
for Beam, slabs and footing and predominant
stress in compression for column members.
5. Preliminary design of RCC frame :
For fixing up of tentaive sizes of members of the
frame.
6. Detailed design of RCC Frame :
By adopting loads & stresses including seismic
forces, giving sectional properties and material
properties,. Analysis and design of entire framed
structure can be evaluated
20. FOUNDATIONS
Sub Soil Exploration and Sampling
Adequate knowledge of the sub soil characteristics
for safe and efficient design of foundation.
The basic aim of a sub soil exploration is to obtain
the strata grapy and physical properties of the soils
underlying the site.
Location of ground water level.
21. Methods of Tests :
1. Open Test : Suitable for shallow depth.
2. Boring : Suitable for deep exploration
(like tube, Augur borings)
3. Sub surface sounding.
22. Geophysical Methods.
1. The samples collected should represent the nature of
subsoil.
2. S.B.C. of soils shall be arrived based on shear
parameters as per the relevant IS Code – 6403 – 1981.
3. Also necessary to conduct standard penetration test
(or) plate bearing test to assess the safe pressure with
regard to settlement.
4. The settlement aspect is to be examined carefully in
the case of clayey soils.
23. Foundations :
Depth of foundation is to be decided based on the
soil strata from the trial pits / explorations
conducted.
Foundation are normally placed below the ground
surface.
The purpose of providing a foundation is to
distribute the load over a layer area at a uniform
rate so that the pressure does not exceed the
allowable bearing capacity of soil below :
24. Objects of Foundations :
Foundations are provided for the following
purposes.
1. To distribute the total load coming on the structure
on a large area so as to bring down the intensity of
load at its base below the safe bearing capacity of the
sub – soil.
2. To support the structure.
3. To give enough lateral stability to the structures
against wind, rain, earthquake, etc.
4. To prepare a level and hard surface for concreting
and masonry work.
25. 5. To transmit the superimposed loads through side
friction and end bearing in case of deep
foundation
6. To distribute the non-uniform load of the
superstructure evenly to the sub-soil.
7. To provide structural safety against undermining
or scouring due to animals, flood water etc.,
8. To prevent or minimize cracks due to movement
of moisture in case of weak or poor soils.
26. Foundation :
1. Engineers need to know the character and
magnitude of forces in order to design and
contact structures.
2. One has to study the system of soil below the
earth surface at various levels under ground
depending upon the past experience.
3. Repairs to foundations are expensive. Structures
should be founded an stable soils.
4. Certain soil deposits wherein wetting of the soil
beyond a stress level causes steep reduction in
stiffness resulting from disruption of soil
structure.
27. 5. Subject to rate of loading, disruption in soil
structure takes place at a faster pace than the
development of new structural bonds which
Leeds to vertical deformation at locations of
high stress due to disturbance of soil structures.
6. Problems associated with foundation in clay
soils are well known.
7. Swelling clays create large uplift forces on the
peripheral walls during rainy season. A reverse
situation may arise at region of moderate
rainfall when the central region of a building
founded on clay soil is prone to swelling during
dry spells.
28. A. Differential settlement due to
unconsolidated fill.
B. Differential settlement due to uplift of
shrinkage soil, shrink and expand with
changes in moisture content.
C. Vertical and diagonal cracker are noticed
on external walls.
8. The problem of dampness in buildings requires a systematic
approach to determine the causes of leakage, the source
from which the moisture is derived and measured which are
likely to prove effect ion.
32. CONCRETE
Grades : The Concrete shall be designated as follows :
Group Grade
(1) (2)
Ordinary M 10
Concrete M 15
M 20
Standard Concrete M25, M 55
High Strength M60, M 65
Concrete M 70, M 75, M 80
Note
In the Designation of Concrete M refer to mix and the number
to specify compressive strength of 150 MM size cube at 28 days
expressed as N/mm2
33. Workability Of Concrete :
The concrete shall be of adequate workability for the
placing condition of concrete and can be properly
compacted.
How to Achieve Durable Structures :
1. The structure should also be designed for
environment loads and detailing done.
2. Selection of construction materials.
3. Concrete should be impermeable.
4. Good construction practices should be followed.
5. Planned maintenance.
6. Proper specifications.
34. Durability of Concrete :
1. The materials and mix proportion specified and
used should be such as to maintain in integrity to
protect embedded steel from corrosion.
2 One of the main characteristics Influencing the
durability of concrete is the permeability to the
ingress of Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and
Other Deleterious Substances.
3 Impermeability is governed by the constituents
and workability used in making the concrete
35. Factors Influencing Durability :
(a) Environment
(b) Cover to embedded steel
(c) Type and quality of material used
(d) Cement content / W.C.R. of concrete
(e) Workmanship to obtain full compaction
and
efficient curing
(f) Shape and size of the member
37. Production of Concrete :
1. Quality assurance measures are both technical and
organizational. The job of quality control and
quality assurance would involve quality audit of
both inputs as well as outputs.
Inputs Outputs
Material for Concrete – Concrete in
Place
Workmanship in all
Stages of Batching, Mixing,
Transportation, Placing,
Compaction, Curing etc.,
38. Batching :
In Batching Concrete, quantity of both cement and
aggregates shall be determined by mass.
R.M.C. :
As per IS 4926
Volume batching may be allowed only where weigh
batching is not practical.
39. Form Work:
1. The form work shall be designed and constructed so as to
remain sufficiently rigid during placing and compaction of
Concrete and to prevent loss of slurry from the concrete.
2. For details regarding design, detailing etc., reference may be
as per IS 14687
3. Cleaning and treatment of form work
The face of form work in contact with concrete shall be
cleaned and treated with form release agent.
4. Stripping time
Form shall not be released until the concrete has achieved a
strength of at least twice the stress to which the concrete may
be subjected at the time of removal form work. Details may be
as per IS 456 – 2000.
40.
41. Assembly of Reinforcement :
1 Reinforcement shall be bent and fixed in
accordance with procedure (specified in IS
2502)
2 Bar bending schedule shall be prepared for
all reinforcement work.
3 Reinforcement shall be placed and
maintained in the position shown in the
drawings by providing proper cover blocks,
42. Welded Joints :
In reinforcement may be used in accordance with IS
2751 and IS 9417.
Placing Compaction :
1. The concrete shall be placed and compacted before
initial setting of concrete commences and shall not
be subsequently disturbed.
2. Concrete shall be compacted using mechanical
vibration complying with IS 2505, IS 2506, IS 2514
and IS 4656.
3. Over vibration and under vibration of concrete are
43. Expansion Joints :
To allow variations in
temperature, expansion joints
in Frames are essential,
normally @ 45meters length be
provided.
46. Construction Joints :
1. To comply with IS 11817 to be provided at
accessible location to permit cleaning.
Curing :
1 Curing is the process of preventing the loss
of moisture from concrete.
2 The prevention of moisture loss from
concrete is particularly important if the
water cement ratio is low.
47. CONSTRUCTION JOINT IN FOOTING
- INDICATES DIRECTION OF CONCRETING
PROVISION OF KICKER IS OPTIONAL
51. CONSTRUCTION JOINT AT
BEAM - COLUMN
JUNCTION
- PERMITTED ONLY WHEN
CONCRETING OF
TAKEN UP IMMEDIATELY
AFTER CONCRETING
- INDICATES DIRECTION
OF CONCRETING
A
B
53. PERMITTED ONLY WHEN
1. SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE IS NEGLECTED.
2. INTERFACE TREATED AS HIGH IN THE DESIGNS AND
3. ADEQUATE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF
PROTRUDING REINFORCING BARS ENSURED.
- INDICATES DIRECTION OF CONCRETING
CONSTRUCTION JOINT AT
BEAM - COLUMN
JUNCTION
55. CROSS SECTION - TYPICAL
Contd…
TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION JOINT IN
ONE-WAY SLAB
56. 1. Moist Curing :
Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept
continuously in a damp or wet condition by
ponding or by covering with a layer of sacking,
Canvas etc., for at least 7 days from the date of
placing of concrete in case OPC and 10 days where
mineral admixture / blended cement are used shall
not be less than 10 days for concrete exposed to dry
and hot weather condition
57. 2. Membrane Curing :
Approved curing compound may be used in lieu of
moist curing. Impermeable membrane such as poly
ethylene sheet covering closely the concrete surface
may be used to provide effective barrier against
evaporation.
3. Supervision :
Constant and strict supervision of all the items of
construction is necessary during progress of work.
58. WALLS :
External Walls :
In framed construction, the function of external
filler wall is to provide adequate weather
protection.
Internal Partition Walls :
The Function of Internal Walls is to divide Floor
space.
External Finishing
1. Generally framed construction with brick filler
walls the external plastering is likely. to crack at
Junction of RCC and masonry work.
2. Better to provide chicken mesh at Junction for
producing effective bond.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64. I. Water Supply in Multi Storage Building
Water Supply for :
1. Drinking purpose .
2. Water Closets, Wash Basin.
3. Kitchen, Canteen
4.Fire Fighting
5. Air Conditioning
6.Horticulture Purpose.
65. II. Sanitary Installation
A Common shaft should be provided for taking all
water supply drainage, soil and vent pipes from all
water closet room.
Sanitary installation should be provided as per IS1172.
III. Drainage Problems :
In Multi Storeyed Building
A. Drainage of the roof
B. Drainage of Basement
C. Water Proofing of roofs
D. Planning for materials
E. Norms for room
66. IV. Air Conditioning of High Rise Buildings
Two Main Types of Air Conditioning Plant.
1. Evaporation Type :
Work on principle of evaporative cooling.
2. Refrigeration Type :
Producing rigid Controlled condition of
temperature, humidity.
67. V. Electrical Lift
Number and location of lifts have to be fixed
according to functional requirement of building.
Medium Speed : For 6 to 10 Stages.
High Speed : For taller Building.
Details of lift, dimension of lift wall, Lift pit,
Machine room have to be essential.
68. VI. Fire Safety in Multi Storyed Office Buildings :
a. Fire hazard is a a major problem.
b. Niches should be provided on all floors to
house the fire fighting equipment.
c. Automatic fire extinguisher devises to be
installed; including in door hydrant on each
floor.
d. Hydrant should be centrally located.
e. Automatic fire alarm systems are necessary
for safe evacuation of the population.
69. VI. Fire Escapes (IS 1644) :
To assist in quick evacuation of the
population of building when on fire.
Types of Constructions :
a. Fire Escape
b. Spiral stairs
C. Ladders
70. C. Ladders
1. All types should be mounted on the
outside of building and have direct
connection with ground.
2. Materials used to conform IS 1642.
3. Entrances to external escapes should
be quite separate.
4. Route to External Escape should be
free from any obstruction.
