The parts and diffrent types of structures in building were given emphasize in this topic. It is necessary to relate the function of structure to the HVAC types of components to be able to determine the application of mechanical works

1. Building Types
and Components
HVAC
Components
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2. COMMON BUILDING
MATERIALS
• Brick
• Block
• Stone
• Concrete
• Timber
• Metal
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3. BUILDING BOARDS
• Fibre
• Plaster
• Asbestos
• Plywood
• Block
• Plastic
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4. TYPES OF BUILDINGS
• Solid or ‘traditional’ construction
• Structural steel frame construction
• Reinforced concrete construction
• Modular system construction
• Portal frame construction
• Composite construction.
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5. SOLID CONSTRUCTION
• Solid load bearing walls
• Set back at upper floors
• Commonly made of brick, concrete
blocks or stone
• Cast iron columns
• Cast iron or timber beams
• Warehouses, mills, factories and
offices.
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6. BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES
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7. STRUCTURAL STEEL
• High number of design options
• Skeletal framework often complex
• Loads carried by beams
• Structure is covered by cladding
• Large use of glass, polycarbonate and
plastic
• Large shopping centres, sports centres
and multi-storey offices.
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8. STRUCTURAL STEEL
Roof spans between main beams
Main beams Tie Beam
Secondary beam
Floor spans between main
Stanchions
beams
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9. REINFORCED CONCRETE
• Alternative to steel frame
• Columns support beams on which are laid
slab flooring sections
• Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast
to form a monolithic structure
• Two common methods of construction.
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10. REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)
Pre cast reinforced concrete frame
• Factory produced frame components
• Transported for assembly on site
• Similar techniques to steel frame.
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11. REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)
Composite construction
• Utilises the advantages of modern
lightweight structural steelwork
• ‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast
concrete columns.
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12. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Concrete
Spine beam
Steel
Spine
Gable beam.
columns
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13. MODULAR STRUCTURES
• Pre fabricated components
• High design flexibility
• Specially designed connectors
• Encased in concrete to provide a degree
of fire and corrosion protection.
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14. MODULAR BUILDING
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15. TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR
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16. HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
FLOORING
R.C. edge beam
Concrete ribs
Hollow clay
floor blocks Concrete topping
Ceiling Voids
finish
Reinforcement Filler tiles
Rib reinforcement
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17. HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
Floor finish
Cement/sand screed
Void
Internal support
Typical hollow floor unit details
Cement/sand Floor finish
screed Grouted joints
Typical channel section floor unit details
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18. PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB
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19. DOORS, WINDOWS AND
ROOFLIGHTS
TYPES OF DOOR
• Hinged
• Swing
• Revolving
• Sliding
• Folding
• Cantilever
• Roller shutter
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20. HINGED DOORS
• Most commonly found type
• All close against a rebate on the door
jamb
• Four commonly found types
Flush
Panelled
Ledged
Metal
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21. SWING DOORS
• Pin hinges allow door to swing in any
direction
• Door jamb not fitted with a rebate
• Often partially glazed using wired glass or
copper glazing bars
• Found in restaurants, department stores and
hotels.
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22. REVOLVING DOORS
• Present an obstruction to firefighting
operations unless dealt with
• Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’
• Designed to be collapsed down
• Essential they are used in conjunction with
a hinged door.
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23. SLIDING DOORS
• Solid or lattice construction
• Widely used in commercial buildings
• Can slide on one or both sides of an
opening or into a central recess
• Lattice type usually for security or to
protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
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24. FOLDING DOORS
• Usually lightweight construction
• Similar in design to hinged doors
• Two or more leaves hinged together
• Whole door opens to one side only
• Often used to separate two rooms.
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25. CANTILEVER DOORS
• Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it
rises upwards
• Lies horizontal when open
• Generally fits flush to the opening when
closed
• Usually found on garages.
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26. ROLLER SHUTTERS
• Nearly always made of steel
• Small examples can be raised by hand
• Large examples usually operated by
means of gearing and handle or chain and
block
• Usually found on commercial premises.
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27. FIRE DOORS
A standard fire door will:
• Serve to contain the outbreak of fire.
• Restrict the spread of fire gases into
otherwise unaffected parts of the building
• A closed door restricts oxygen movement,
thus helping to starve the fire
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28. WINDOWS
• Allow natural light into a building
• Serve to provide ventilation to rooms
• Generally two types, referred to according
to the method of opening
Casement
Sash
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29. CASEMENT WINDOWS
• The simplest form consists of a
rectangular frame with the casement
hung on it
• When more than one casement can be
opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light
casement.
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30. VENTLIGHT
TRANSOM.
CASEMENT FRAME
DEADLIGHT
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31. SASH WINDOWS
• Pivoted sash - opening part supported by
pivots at each side of opening part of
window or top and bottom
• The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening
portion and includes the glass and the
surround
• Partially inside and outside of opening
when open.
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32. SASH WINDOWS
Sliding sash windows
• Slide vertically
• Double hung is the common form of this
type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in
the frame
• Another type consists of two sashes, one
or both of which can be opened horizontally
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33. Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre 33

34. STAIRS AND
ROOFS
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35. STAIRS
Common materials
• Wood
• Stone
• Pre cast concrete
• Steel
• Composite
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36. STAIRS
RISER
NOSING TREAD
CAPPING
STRING
BEARER
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37. STAIRS
HEADROOM
BANNISTER
RISE
NEWEL
POST
GOING
RUN SPANDREL
PITCH LINE
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38. ROOF DESIGN
• Flat roofs
• Pitched roofs
– Mansard
– Trussed
– Portal or ridge-framed
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39. PITCHED ROOFS
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40. PITCHED ROOFS
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41. Building Performance Matters
HVAC Equipment
Efficiency Overview
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42. HVAC Components
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43. HVAC Components: Condenser
1 Expansion
valve
2 Fan
3 Compressor
4 Heat
exchange coils
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44. HVAC Components: Air Handler
1 Heat exchange coils
2
2 Fan
1
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45. HVAC Components: Duct System
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46. HVAC Components: Duct System
Supply Ducts
Supply
Plenum
Air Return Grille
Handler
Return
Plenum
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47. Air Conditioner Efficiencies
S easonal
E nergy
E fficiency
R atio
Minimum SEER =
10 Btu’s/Whr for central
home systems
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48. Air Conditioner Efficiencies
SEERs range from 10 to
over 18 for very efficient
AC units.
Going from SEER 10 to
SEER 14 for example, will
reduce cooling energy
costs by about 30%.
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49. Common Heating System Types
• Electric Strip
• Heat pump
• Gas Furnace
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50. Common Heating System Types
• Electric Strip
• Uses either baseboard
or air handler mounted
electric resistance strips
• Low installation cost
but least efficient
option.
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51. Common Heating System Types
• Electric Strip
• Heat pump
• Air conditioner
refrigeration cycle in
reverse (heats home
instead of cooling it).
• Cost effective vs.
electric strip in all regions
except very warm.
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52. Common Heating System Types
• Electric Strip
• Heat pump
• Gas Furnace
• Burns natural gas or
liquid propane
• Similar efficiency to heat
pumps
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53. Duct Leakage
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54. Duct Leakage
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55. Duct Leakage
Cooling System w/ Supply Leaks
Effective System EER
10
9
8
S y s te m E E R
7
6
5
4
3
2
Source:Contracting Business Apr94,
1 Solving Leakage & Return Problems by
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Percent Leak
Replaced Air = Outside Replaced Air = Attic
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56. Duct Leakage
HVAC-induced infiltration
Infiltration rates - Florida Duct Study 1990
80
70
60
Number of
houses
50
40 Fan off Fan on
30
20
10
0
<0.25 0.25- 0.5- 0.75- 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 >2.0
0.5 0.75 1.0
air change rate
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57. Duct Leakage
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58. Duct Leakage Research 1990
• Florida
– 50 all electric
homes
– 13% total building
leakage in duct
system
– 17% savings
– $200 cost
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59. Door Closure
Closing interior doors when AHU fan on
1.2 1.15
House air changes per hour (ach)
1 0.94
0.8
0.62
0.6
0.42
0.4
0.2 0.16
0
d
n
n
d
d
se
pe
pe
se
se
lo
o
o
O
O
cl
cl
C
2
4
ll
A
fan off fan on
Tomas Ganiron Jr
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60. Duct Design Problems
• Utility room door that swings to the
return grill.
• When the system turns on, the door
is pulled to the grill, blocking air
flow.
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Tomas Ganiron Jr 60

61. Summary
HVAC efficiency includes:
• Selecting efficient air conditioning
based on your climate.
• Selecting the proper type of and
efficiency heating system for your
climate
• Designing and sealing air distribution
systems properly.
Tomas Ganiron Jr
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