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- 1. 1Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE &LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUERESCUE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 1 Building Types and Components
- 2. 2Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre AIMAIM To provide students with aTo provide students with a basic understanding ofbasic understanding of building design and thebuilding design and the principal components.principal components.
- 3. 3Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre At the end of the session students will beAt the end of the session students will be able to:able to: • State the commonly used constructionState the commonly used construction materials and types.materials and types. • Identify types of doors and windowsIdentify types of doors and windows commonly used.commonly used. • List the principal components of aList the principal components of a staircase.staircase. • List the types of roof commonly found.List the types of roof commonly found. LEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMES
- 4. 4Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre COMMON BUILDINGCOMMON BUILDING MATERIALSMATERIALS • BrickBrick • BlockBlock • StoneStone • ConcreteConcrete • TimberTimber • MetalMetal
- 5. 5Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre BUILDING BOARDSBUILDING BOARDS • FibreFibre • PlasterPlaster • AsbestosAsbestos • PlywoodPlywood • BlockBlock • PlasticPlastic
- 6. 6Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre TYPES OF BUILDINGSTYPES OF BUILDINGS • Solid or ‘traditional’ constructionSolid or ‘traditional’ construction • Structural steel frame constructionStructural steel frame construction • Reinforced concrete constructionReinforced concrete construction • Modular system constructionModular system construction • Portal frame constructionPortal frame construction • Composite construction.Composite construction.
- 7. 7Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SOLID CONSTRUCTIONSOLID CONSTRUCTION • Solid load bearing wallsSolid load bearing walls • Set back at upper floorsSet back at upper floors • Commonly made of brick, concreteCommonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stoneblocks or stone • Cast iron columnsCast iron columns • Cast iron or timber beamsCast iron or timber beams • Warehouses, mills, factories andWarehouses, mills, factories and offices.offices.
- 8. 8Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre BUILDINGS ANDBUILDINGS AND STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
- 9. 9Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STRUCTURAL STEELSTRUCTURAL STEEL • High number of design optionsHigh number of design options • Skeletal framework often complexSkeletal framework often complex • Loads carried by beamsLoads carried by beams • Structure is covered by claddingStructure is covered by cladding • Large use of glass, polycarbonate andLarge use of glass, polycarbonate and plasticplastic • Large shopping centres, sports centresLarge shopping centres, sports centres and multi-storey offices.and multi-storey offices.
- 10. 10Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STRUCTURAL STEELSTRUCTURAL STEEL Stanchions Main beams Roof spans between main beams Tie Beam Floor spans between main beams Secondary beam
- 11. 11Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre REINFORCED CONCRETEREINFORCED CONCRETE • Alternative to steel frameAlternative to steel frame • Columns support beams on which are laidColumns support beams on which are laid slab flooring sectionsslab flooring sections • Columns, beams and slabs integrally castColumns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a monolithic structureto form a monolithic structure • Two common methods of construction.Two common methods of construction.
- 12. 12Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)REINFORCED CONCRETE(1) Pre cast reinforced concrete framePre cast reinforced concrete frame • Factory produced frame componentsFactory produced frame components • Transported for assembly on siteTransported for assembly on site • Similar techniques to steel frame.Similar techniques to steel frame.
- 13. 13Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)REINFORCED CONCRETE(2) Composite constructionComposite construction • Utilises the advantages of modernUtilises the advantages of modern lightweight structural steelworklightweight structural steelwork • ‘‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre castMarriage’ between steelwork & pre cast concrete columns.concrete columns.
- 14. 14Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre Gable columns Concrete Spine beam Steel Spine beam. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTIONCOMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
- 15. 15Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre MODULAR STRUCTURESMODULAR STRUCTURES • Pre fabricated componentsPre fabricated components • High design flexibilityHigh design flexibility • Specially designed connectorsSpecially designed connectors • Encased in concrete to provide a degreeEncased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and corrosion protection.of fire and corrosion protection.
- 16. 16Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre MODULAR BUILDINGMODULAR BUILDING
- 17. 17Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTORTYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR
- 18. 18Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre Concrete ribs R.C. edge beam Concrete topping Hollow clay floor blocks Filler tiles Rib reinforcement Reinforcement VoidsCeiling finish HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANKHOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK FLOORINGFLOORING
- 19. 19Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre Typical hollow floor unit details Internal support Void Floor finish Cement/sand screed Grouted joints Floor finishCement/sand screed Typical channel section floor unit details HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANKHOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
- 20. 20Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre PRE CAST CONCRETE SLABPRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB
- 21. 21Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre DOORS, WINDOWS ANDDOORS, WINDOWS AND ROOFLIGHTSROOFLIGHTS TYPES OF DOORTYPES OF DOOR • HingedHinged • SwingSwing • RevolvingRevolving • SlidingSliding • FoldingFolding • CantileverCantilever • Roller shutterRoller shutter
- 22. 22Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre HINGED DOORSHINGED DOORS • Most commonly found typeMost commonly found type • All close against a rebate on the doorAll close against a rebate on the door jambjamb • Four commonly found typesFour commonly found types FlushFlush PanelledPanelled LedgedLedged MetalMetal
- 23. 23Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SWING DOORSSWING DOORS • Pin hinges allow door to swing in anyPin hinges allow door to swing in any directiondirection • Door jamb not fitted with a rebateDoor jamb not fitted with a rebate • Often partially glazed using wired glass orOften partially glazed using wired glass or copper glazing barscopper glazing bars • Found in restaurants, department stores andFound in restaurants, department stores and hotels.hotels.
- 24. 24Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre REVOLVING DOORSREVOLVING DOORS • Present an obstruction to firefightingPresent an obstruction to firefighting operations unless dealt withoperations unless dealt with • Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’ • Designed to be collapsed downDesigned to be collapsed down • Essential they are used in conjunction withEssential they are used in conjunction with a hinged door.a hinged door.
- 25. 25Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SLIDING DOORSSLIDING DOORS • Solid or lattice constructionSolid or lattice construction • Widely used in commercial buildingsWidely used in commercial buildings • Can slide on one or both sides of anCan slide on one or both sides of an opening or into a central recessopening or into a central recess • Lattice type usually for security or toLattice type usually for security or to protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
- 26. 26Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre FOLDING DOORSFOLDING DOORS • Usually lightweight constructionUsually lightweight construction • Similar in design to hinged doorsSimilar in design to hinged doors • Two or more leaves hinged togetherTwo or more leaves hinged together • Whole door opens to one side onlyWhole door opens to one side only • Often used to separate two rooms.Often used to separate two rooms.
- 27. 27Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre CANTILEVER DOORSCANTILEVER DOORS • Door is counter balanced and pivoted so itDoor is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises upwardsrises upwards • Lies horizontal when openLies horizontal when open • Generally fits flush to the opening whenGenerally fits flush to the opening when closedclosed • Usually found on garages.Usually found on garages.
- 28. 28Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre ROLLER SHUTTERSROLLER SHUTTERS • Nearly always made of steelNearly always made of steel • Small examples can be raised by handSmall examples can be raised by hand • Large examples usually operated byLarge examples usually operated by means of gearing and handle or chain andmeans of gearing and handle or chain and blockblock • Usually found on commercial premises.Usually found on commercial premises.
- 29. 29Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre FIRE DOORSFIRE DOORS A standard fire door will:A standard fire door will: • Serve to contain the outbreak of fireServe to contain the outbreak of fire • Restrict the spread of fire gases intoRestrict the spread of fire gases into otherwise unaffected parts of the buildingotherwise unaffected parts of the building • A closed door restricts oxygen movement,A closed door restricts oxygen movement, thus helping to starve the firethus helping to starve the fire
- 30. 30Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre WINDOWSWINDOWS • Allow natural light into a buildingAllow natural light into a building • Serve to provide ventilation to roomsServe to provide ventilation to rooms • Generally two types, referred to accordingGenerally two types, referred to according to the method of openingto the method of opening CasementCasement SashSash
- 31. 31Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre CASEMENT WINDOWSCASEMENT WINDOWS • The simplest form consists of aThe simplest form consists of a rectangular frame with the casementrectangular frame with the casement hung on ithung on it • When more than one casement can beWhen more than one casement can be opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 lightopened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement.casement.
- 32. 32Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre DEADLIGHT FRAME VENTLIGHT TRANSOM. CASEMENT
- 33. 33Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SASH WINDOWSSASH WINDOWS • Pivoted sash - opening part supported byPivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots at each side of opening part ofpivots at each side of opening part of window or top and bottomwindow or top and bottom • The term ‘SASH’ refers to the openingThe term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening portion and includes the glass and theportion and includes the glass and the surroundsurround • Partially inside and outside of openingPartially inside and outside of opening when open.when open.
- 34. 34Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SASH WINDOWSSASH WINDOWS Sliding sash windowsSliding sash windows • Slide verticallySlide vertically • Double hung is the common form of thisDouble hung is the common form of this type of sash, both sashes slide vertically intype of sash, both sashes slide vertically in the framethe frame • Another type consists of two sashes, one orAnother type consists of two sashes, one or both of which can be opened horizontallyboth of which can be opened horizontally
- 35. 35Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
- 36. 36Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STAIRS ANDSTAIRS AND ROOFSROOFS
- 37. 37Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STAIRSSTAIRS Common materialsCommon materials • WoodWood • StoneStone • Pre cast concretePre cast concrete • SteelSteel • CompositeComposite
- 38. 38Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STAIRSSTAIRS TREAD RISER BEARER NOSING STRING CAPPING
- 39. 39Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre PITCH LINE RUN GOING RISE SPANDREL NEWEL POST HEADROOM BANNISTER STAIRSSTAIRS
- 40. 40Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre ROOF DESIGNROOF DESIGN • Flat roofsFlat roofs • Pitched roofsPitched roofs – MansardMansard – TrussedTrussed – Portal or ridge-framedPortal or ridge-framed
- 41. 41Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre PITCHED ROOFSPITCHED ROOFS
- 42. 42Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre PITCHED ROOFSPITCHED ROOFS
- 43. 43Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre CONFIRMATIONCONFIRMATION Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes • State the most commonly used constructionState the most commonly used construction materials and typesmaterials and types • Identify types of doors and windowsIdentify types of doors and windows commonly usedcommonly used • List the principal components of a staircaseList the principal components of a staircase • List the types of roof commonly found.List the types of roof commonly found. Assessments will be based on this lesson andAssessments will be based on this lesson and the corresponding study notethe corresponding study note
- 44. 44Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre THE ENDTHE END