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Disasters, accidents, precautions
Reading: Diary entries, a story
Listening: Note taking, predicting content
Grammar: Past continuous vs past simple;
reflexive pronouns; musn’t-can; past perfect; linkers
Vocabulary: Types of disasters, parts of the body
Speaking: Narrating past experiences, giving news
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PAST CONTINUOUS
WE USE THE PAST CONTINUOUS (WAS/WERE+ING)
For an action which was in progress when
another action interrupted it . We use the past
continuous for the action in progress (the
longer action ) and the for the
action which interrupted it (shorter action ).
We were having dinner when the bell .
For two or more simultaneous actions in the
past .
They were watching TV while Steve was
preparing lunch.
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For an action which was in progress at a stated time
in the past . We don’t mention when the action
started or finished.
At 7 o`clock last night he was having a piano lesson.
To describe the atmosphere, setting etc and to give
background information to a story.
It was raining and the wind was howling.
The time expressions we use with the past
continuous are (while when as all morning
/evening/day/week etc .
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Reflexive pronouns
In the following expressions; enjoy ,
behave .
We enjoyed very much at our country
house.
Help to some cake. They promised to
behave .
With the verbs dress, wash and shave when we
want to show that someone did something with a
lot of effort.
Although he is only four years old, he managed
to dress .
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Past Perfect
We use the past perfect ( had+past participle ) for :
An action which happened before a started time in
the past >
Bill had cooking by 6o’clock .
An action which finished in the past and whose
result was visible at a later point in the past.
He had sprained his ankle a few days earlier and
it was still hurting .
The time expressions we use with the past perfect
are :before ,after, already , just , for, since, till/until,
when by the time , never , etc.
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MODALS
can /could, must should , need to
Don’t take –s – ing or –ed suffixes
Are followed by the bare infinitive .
Come before the subject in questions and are
followed by not in negations .
Don’t have tenses in the normal sense .When
followed by a normal bare infinitive , they refer to
an uncompleted action or state (i.e. present or
future ): when followed by the bare perfect infinitive
they refer to a completed action or state .
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to express duty/strong obligation to do
sth < shows that sth is essential. We
generally use must when the speaker has
decided that sth necessary ( i.e. subjective )
I remember to send him a card .
Need to express necessity .
You need to be here by 10;00 am .
You needn’t worry about her . She is fine .
Had to is the past form of both and
.
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is used to ask for /give
permission .
I borrow your bicycle , please!
Yes , oh course you .
is used to express
that; it is forbidden to do sth: it is
against the rules / law; you are not
allowed to do sth.
You eat in here
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Can expresses ability in the present
/future .
I speak Italian .
Could expresses general < repeated
ability in the past , repeated pr
specific .
I speak Polish when I was
two .
