This chapter introduces the background and context of the study. It discusses how mathematics is an important subject for business students and the demands of modern technology. It also outlines challenges facing the Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) Calauan Campus in teaching mathematics to its 545 students with limited facilities. The theoretical framework discusses factors that influence student mathematics performance such as the curriculum, faculty, student services, physical facilities, family education, values, and social relationships. The study aims to determine the relationship between these school and family factors and the mathematics performance of PUP Calauan students.

1. Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGOUND
Introduction
Mathematics is designed to give business students the basic application of
mathematics in business of their various field of interest. According to Cruz et al...
The authors, business math 2nd edition, “It provides students pursuing careers in
marketing, management advertising, banking and finance, hotel and restaurant
management, tourism, transportation management, office administration, business
teacher education, cooperatives and other business course, with mathematical
concept relevant to a business curriculum”.
Students must look into the positive effect of this particular area to be able to
have a goal-oriented behavior. Each individual must take action to earn college
degree. Students must be motivated to have patience in performing their solutions
because of internal rewards and to develop a desire to attain student‟s individual
potentials.
There is widespread interest in improving the level of mathematics performance in
schools due to fast moving modern technology. The educational impact of
calculators and computer in business society calculate mathematically with great
speed. These new technology has been useful making people multitasking. The
use of technology in various fields has been so successful and beneficial to cope up
with the standards of the existing modern world.
Nevertheless, it is difficult to summarize the importance of the never ending
technology if you do not know the basic of business mathematics. It is therefore
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2. logical to consider the level of performance of students in mathematics subject.
“ Apart from the economic benefits of better preparing young people for the
numeracy demands of modern work place and raising the overall skill levels of
the work force, there are also social benefits tied to improving access for larger
numbers of young people to post- school education and opportunities and laying
stronger foundation to skills for lifelong learning. The interest in raising levels of
performance has led to a focus on identifying the range of factors that shape
performance”. Corresponding author Email:findoshi@yahoo.com
Taken into consideration the problem of poverty still is after decades of
intensified efforts to fight them. According to Basu (2003) emphasizes, “...privation
is the norm rather the exception.” In this connection, students should consider the
possibility that economic growth boosts education.
Educating business student in mathematics will create a more productive
endeavor. Mathematics is use in everyday life. There are series of related problems
will come along the way on the students reaching up to earn a degree. The big push
should be created by the education of the society so that poverty will be overcome
and economic development prevails.
Meanwhile, The Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) is a
government educational institution governed by Republic Act Number 8292 known
as the Higher Education Modernization Act of 1997, and it‟s Implementing Rules
and Regulations contained in the Commission on Higher Education Memorandum
Circular No. 4, series 1997. PUP is a public, non-sectarian, non-profit institution of
higher learning. It operates year-round with two semesters and a summer. Majority
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3. of the students belong to the economically challenged level of society.
www.pup.edu/ph
It is the University's commitment to give qualified and talented students
access to quality and responsive education to aid them in the achievement of their
dreams and improve their lives. Being a well-educated and skilled individual, they
will not only become job seekers but job creators as well, a force of knowledge
workers and entrepreneurs. Scholars of the Nation (Iscolar ng Bayan), that is what
we call our students because the Philippine Government and other non-government
institutions subsidize their tuition and other fees. www.pup.edu/ph
PUP Calauan Campus has 545 numbers of enrollees, 26 part time
instructors, 3 admin staff including the director and 3 SA (student assistance) who
attended in the university surrounded by inadequate facilities. Since the university is
funded by the Local government units it is justifiable also to take into consideration
the socio economic context of the municipality when comparing school
performance. Any comparison of the outcomes of education systems needs to
account the municipality circumstances and the resources that they devote to
education.
It is indeed, the proponent‟s attempt to report the results of a survey
conducted to examine the relationship between School Related Variables and
Family Orientation leading to a productive Student Mathematics Performance.
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4. Background of the Study
In an effective mathematics program, students learn to reason and
communicate mathematically, value mathematics, and become confident in their
own mathematical abilities to solve problems in situations that may not be familiar to
them. Students need to be equipped as confident, competent, engaged, and
persistent problem solvers.
The key to mathematical competence is learning with understanding so that
students are able to reason, solve problems, and apply their learning to new
situations. Students need to be computationally fluent to carry out mathematical
procedures flexibly, accurately, efficiently, and appropriately. Students need to be
able to understand and use mathematics in everyday life. This understanding must
be continually strengthened and expanded throughout their educational
experiences.
To the extent possible, such supports should not interfere with the student‟s
participation in regular classroom activities and learning. It is important that all
students have access to rigorous mathematics, opportunities to engage in rich
discourse about mathematics and expectations to think about their mathematical
thinking. (diana.kasbaum@dpi.wi.gov.)
The welfare of the people is the ultimate law.“ – Cicero (106 B.C. - 43 B.C.)
In the theory of economic growth, human capital (lack of education) is a major
determinant. In a world in which the success of economies becomes more and
more dependent on skills and markets increasingly globalized, human capital is
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5. considered to be of great importance for economic development. If backward
countries cannot achieve the education of their societies, then the gap between
developed and underdeveloped economies will increase rather than decrease.
Investing in human capital is the best way to improve the quality of
education, and is the key to increasing the quality of achieving the education
outcomes .Steyn (1999), states that the efforts towards improvement of schools
should focus on people improvement. He further states that investing in human
capital is the key to effective improvement of the quality of schools. Programmed
and materials do not bring about effective improvement, but the people in the
education system do (Steyn, 1999).
This study attempts to investigate the relationship between School Related
Variables such as Curriculum, Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and
Family Orientation Factors such as Education, Values and Social Relationship
leading to the Performance in Mathematics of College Students at PUP Campus
Calauan Laguna.
Theoretical Framework
This study consists of thoughts and theories which are then grouped together
into themes that frame the subject. It deals only with the points and ideas from both
local and foreign literature. The researcher hopes that the theories are important
enough to bring out in the study. These materials include excerpts from articles,
studies and lectures from the internet both foreign and local.
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6. Mathematics performance plays a great role in our everyday life. It is
therefore necessary to have effective teaching to promote effective learning for our
students so that there must have a discipline-specific professional which will
develop and enhance the ability of teachers and students. International Journal of
Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 2011, states that due to the
changing nature of learning and teaching in universities; there is a growing need for
professional development for lecturers and tutors teaching in disciplines in the
mathematical businesses. Mathematics teaching staff must receive training in
learning and teaching that will tailor to the mathematical businesses
Students‟ prior experience with computer technology enhanced pedagogies
or enhanced the art or profession of teaching on how they anticipated in college
classrooms. Although student desires have changed, the picture of an ideal
classroom still shows a strong desire for lecture-dominated classes with class
discussion and exercises, written handouts, and outlines. College students'
expectations of technology to be used in the classroom cannot be denied. The
influx of technology into education according to Wood Leigh N.; VU, Tori: 2011 has
begun formation of the classroom.
It is also mentioned in the study of Papanstasiou et al. (2003) that students
who have available computers at home and in the library have higher levels of
science literacy. Lee et al. (2009) found in their study that students who were using
computer 1 hour per day had better math scores. Kim and Chang (2010) stated that
computer use for math was associated with reducing the achievement gap among
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7. different diverse backgrounds. It is obvious that there might be many factors
affecting students‟ science and math.
Student engagement in mathematics plays a key role in the acquisition of
math skills and knowledge. It is also gives an impact upon course selection,
educational pathways and later career choices. In the study of J. F. Balbalosa,
2010, student‟s engagement in mathematics refers to students‟ motivation to learn
mathematics their confidence in their ability to succeed in mathematics and their
emotional feelings about mathematics.
Learning mathematics comes from an effective curriculum that meets the
challenge of society. The reform in mathematics education produces “mathematical
literacy” for all students. One of the Standards involves is the use of problem solving
as a method of learning mathematics. Erica K. Lucast, February 2003, put forward
the hypothesis that proof is valuable in the school curriculum because it is
instrumental in the cognitive processes required for problem solving. Her view of
proof does not supersede, but rather supplements, the traditional arguments for
teaching proof.
Environment where students could be surrounding by a positive atmosphere
valued learning. Hill et al. (2003) discovered that the two most influential factors that
contribute to a student perception of quality in higher education are the quality of
the lecturer and the quality of the students support systems. The latter group of
individuals is composed of peers, families, university services, and any environment
where students could be surrounding by a positive atmosphere that valued learning.
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8. The quality of the lecturer, though, was the most important facet to a student‟s
perception of quality.
Learning is a complex activity that supremely tests students' motivation and
physical condition. Teaching resources, teachers' skill, and curriculum -- these all
play a vital role in a child's education. But what about the physical condition and
design of the actual school facility itself? How do they shape a child's learning
experience? Study after study concludes that there is an explicit relationship
between the physical characteristics of school buildings and educational outcomes.
And while good maintenance, modern systems, and flexible designs are clearly
required, there are even more complex, outside societal factors that need to be
addressed.
According to a report from The American Association of School
Administrators, "Students are more likely to prosper when their environment is
conducive to learning. Environmentally responsive heating, air conditioning and
ventilating systems, for example, either in a new or renovated school, provide a
more comfortable learning environment. Such well-designed systems send a
powerful message to kids about the importance their community places on
education.” There are many elements, ranging from community involvement to
educational leadership that influence the condition of the school facility and none of
these elements operates in isolation.
In this study the student‟s mathematics performance was highly correlated
with the use of self-regulated learning factors. Specifically, the relationship between
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9. the Profile of the Respondents, the extent of School Related Variables, the extent of
Family Orientation and the level of performance of students in mathematics. It is
therefore, the researcher conceptualized thoughts and theories from the internet
which are then grouped together into themes that frame the subject which are
important enough to measure the relationship that bring out in this study.
Conceptual Framework
The study reports the results of a survey conducted to examine the
relationship of School Related Variables and Family Orientation leading to Student
Mathematics Performance at PUP Campus, Calauan, and Laguna. Subsequently,
the researcher will attempts to investigate the relationship between Math
Performances with intrinsic factors (Respondents Profile) such as Age, Gender,
Occupation, Monthly Income, Types of Residence, Civil Status Organizational
Membership, and Educational Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School Related
Variables) such as Curriculum, Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and
Family Orientation Factors such as Education, Values and Social Relationship.
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10. .Research Paradigm
This study focuses on Mathematics Performance of PUP College students in
relations to School Related Variables and Family Orientation.
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
A. PROFILE
Age
Gender
Occupation
Monthly Income
Types of residence
Civil status
Organizational Membership PERFORMANCE IN
Educational Attainment
MATHEMATICS
B.SCHOOL RELATED
VARIABLES
Curriculum
Faculty
Students Services
Physical Faculties
C. FAMILY ORIENTATION
Education
Values
Social Relationship
Table1. Conceptualize Relationship among Variables.
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11. Statement of the Problem
The study attempts to reports the results of a survey conducted to examine
School Related Variables and Family Orientation leading the performance of
College Student in Mathematics at PUP Campus, Calauan, Laguna.
The focus of this research is to presents the results of a survey designed to
investigate the relationship between Mathematics Performances with intrinsic
factors (Respondents Profile) such as Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly Income,
Types of Residence, Civil Status Organizational Membership, and Educational
Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School Related Variables) such as Curriculum,
Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and Family Orientation Factors such
as Education, Values and Social Relationship. The information needed will be
gathered using the checklist style research-made questionnaire. All information and
conclusions drawn from this study were obtained only to this particular group of
students.
Furthermore this study wants to answer the following questions:
1. 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of?
1.1. Age;
1.2 Gender;
1.3 Occupation;
1.4. Monthly Income;
1.5Types of residence;
1.6. Civil status;
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12. 1.7 Organizational membership; and
1.8. Educational Attainment?
2. How do the respondents perceive the following School Related Factors as to:
2.1 Curriculum:
2.2 Faculty:
2.3 Students Services; and
2.4 Physical Facilities?
3. How do the respondents perceive their Family Orientation in terms of?
3.1. Education;
3.2. Values; and
3.3 Social relationship
4. What is the performance of PUP college students in Mathematics?
5. Is the performance of college students in Mathematics Subject significantly
related to?
5.1. School Related Factors; and
5.2. Family orientation?
Significance of the Study
It is hoped that the finding of this study will be useful for the administration,
faculty, staff, employers, and professional associations, colleagues from similar
programs elsewhere, students (applicants, undergrads, grads, and alumni) and
parents.
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13. All the while, PUP is seeing a significant increase in enrollment. From 120
enrollments upon each existence in 2009 it grows four times as of now.
(www.pup/edu) Therefore, Local government units must provide more space for
growing enrolments while educators will review on instruction to ensure that the
intended curriculum has been delivered.
(Clark, 2001) states that Economic limits will not allow for inexhaustible
resources to build and equip schools. We must be able to pinpoint the design
factors that best support instructional programs. Educators must also be equipped
with a knowledge base and skill level in facility appraisal (O‟Neill, 2001). This, in
turn, will provide designers and policymakers with data that will drive school facility
planning and construction for years to come. PUP Students from Calauan
community are growing and PUP professors are striving to meet state and national
standards.
Administrators to improve program needed for school advancement. To
ensure that students will receive the type of instruction that leads to master learning.
And produce graduates which possess competencies and skills relevant to the job
market.
Professional Associations, to evaluate the mathematics curriculum to ensure
that, at all levels, the curriculum addresses mathematical content standards
(number operations and relationships, geometry, measurement, statistics and
probability, and algebraic relationships), and mathematical process standards
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14. (reasoning, communication, connections, representation, and routine and non-
routine problem solving).
Employer may formulate new educational policies on how to provide quality
education to the growing needs of the community. Collaborate with local colleges
and universities to become a grant partner,
Colleagues from similar programs can serve as basis for further study on
teaching and learning activities and student‟s mathematics performance.
Teachers refer to the educator to review instruction to ensure that the
intended curriculum has been delivered. One of the areas of concern in
mathematics is the Opportunity to Learn (OTL), which refers to what students have
studied and therefore have had a chance to learn each year.
Parents-to ensure the importance of positive attitude towards mathematic
subject and parental concerns regarding mathematics may arise from their own
anxiety. Provide information regarding important changes in mathematics, including
use of calculators, homework, and structure of classrooms. Students Help students
develop mathematical persistence. Students should feel empowered to use a
variety of strategies to solve problems rather than becoming frustrated when
reliance on memorized rules or procedures is not effective.
Scope and Limitation
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15. This study is limited only to COLLEGE STUDENTS of POLYTECHNIC
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, CALAUAN LAGUNA during the Academic
Year 2009-2012.
The study will reports the results of a survey conducted to examine School
Related Variables and Family Orientation leading performance College Student
Business Mathematics at PUP Calauan Campus Laguna.
The focus of this research is to presents the results of a survey designed to
investigate the relationship between Mathematics Performances with intrinsic
factors (Respondents Profile) such as Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly Income,
Types of Residence, Civil Status Organizational Membership, and Educational
Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School Related Variables) such as Curriculum,
Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and Family Orientation Factors such
as Education, Values and Social Relationship. The information will be gathered
using the checklist style research-made questionnaire. All information and
conclusions drawn from this study will obtained only to this particular group of
students.
Definition of Terms
For better clarification and understanding of the terms related to this study, the
following terms are defined conceptually and operationally.
Mathematics Performance refers to the final grade rating of students at the
end of semester. The final rating is designed to request from registrar‟s office of
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16. PUP Calauan through documentary analysis of Form 48. Score ranges from a low
of 3.00 to a high of 1.00.
Respondents Profile denotes to the Average perception of respondents in
mathematics performance in relation to School Related Variables and Family
Orientation.
Age points to the chronological order of the respondents.
Sex points to the gender of the respondents.
Occupations point to the respondent way of supports on their studies.
Monthly Income points the status of respondent‟s income.
Types of Residence points the variation of dwelling the respondents live.
They are the following categories: bungalow, duplex house, single
detached, row house, farmhouse and villa.
Civil Status refers to marital status of the respondents.
Organizational Membership refers to a group of people the respondents are
connected.
Educational Attainment refers to the year level of the respondents for
academic year 2012-2013.
School Related Variables this denotes to the average perception of
respondents that influence their Performance in Mathematics as a subject in the
tertiary school curriculum subject
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17. Curriculum this refers to formal mechanism through which intended
educational aims are achieved. In this study, the term refers to the learning
competencies and experienced in mathematics taught and not taught
under the formal structure of the university.
Faculty this refers to the instructor who handled math subject.
Students Services this refers to the comprehensive services, resources and
educational experiences for the respondent learning community so that
they will become the best prepared citizens and workers of the world.
Physical Facilities this refers to an instrument that rates facility condition of
an institution as educational adequate environment for education, space
flexibility, and cosmetic condition.
Family Orientation this denotes to the average perception of respondents
that influence their Performance in Mathematics as a subject in the tertiary school
curriculum.
Education this refers to a person who can access to optimal states of mind
regardless of the situation you are in and those who can think clearly and
act effectively to achieve self-selected goals and aspirations.
Values this refers to the belief the respondents are proud off and willing to
affirm.
Social Relationships this describes how the people in a culture organize
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18. themselves and relate to one another.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The study reports the results of a survey conducted to examine the
relationship between School Related Variables and Family Orientation leading to
Mathematics Performance at PUP Campus Calauan, Laguna. This chapter is
included to provide insight, as evidenced by a review of pertinent literature. The
examination then ensues on the relationship between Math Performances with
intrinsic factors (Respondents Profile) such as Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly
Income, Types of Residence, Civil Status Organizational Membership, Educational
Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School Related Variables) such as Curriculum,
Faculty, Students Services, Physical Facilities and Family Orientation Factors such
as Education, Values and Social Relationship.
Review of literature then focuses on the role of School Related Variables and
Family Orientation leading to Mathematics Performance.
Mathematical Performance
Learning Mathematics as suggested by Gresalfi and Cobb (2006) is
more than just the acquisition of skills and knowledge, and, “it is not sufficient to
focus exclusively on the ideas and skills that we want students to learn”. A person‟s
mathematical disposition related to her or his beliefs about and attitude toward
mathematics may be as important as content knowledge for making informed
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19. decisions in terms of willingness to use this knowledge in everyday life. With this in
mind, it seems important to pay close attention to the mathematical classroom
experiences of students, as these are critical in the development of affective
dispositions and views towards mathematics
The research of Piaget shows that individuals are formal operational thinkers
by ages 15 or 16, the usual ages of college freshmen in the Philippines.
Consequently, mathematics teachers expect college freshmen to perform at the
formal level. So, the curricula and syllabi for mathematics courses in the Philippines
are designed with the goal of engaging students in formal level learning activities.
Mathematical thinking is essential in mathematics performance. This makes
mental ability grows and develops ideas as they increase their awareness of the
views of others. They negotiate meaning and share their expertise as they raise
their thinking skills to higher levels .
According to the study of A. A. Limjap De La Salle University, Manila,
Philippines & Jaime A. Leongson, learners at the concrete operational level begin to
develop their mathematical thinking. They can remember images of physically
absent objects but cannot deal with ideas. This mental ability grows and develops
as they increase their awareness of the views of others. As they share their
thinking with others, they are able to articulate their meanings and start to
understand the meanings others put on the same situation. They negotiate
meaning and share their expertise as they raise their thinking skills to higher levels.
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20. School-Related Variables this denotes to the average perception of
respondents that influence their Performance in Mathematics as a subject in the
tertiary school curriculum subject
Curriculum
A curriculum is more than putting together a set of academically required
subjects. Several things must be considered, such as the learning needs of
students; the consensus of teachers and administrators; the expectations of the
community; and current breakthroughs in academic fields.
The mathematics programmed in this university is sufficient to accommodate
students of differing levels of ability and reflect their needs. These will include the
need for interesting and meaningful mathematical experiences, the need to apply
mathematics in other areas of learning, the need to continue studying mathematics
at post-primary level, and the need to become mathematically literate members of
society. Integration with all the other subjects will add another valuable perspective
to the mathematics curriculum.
According to the study at www.curriculumonline, Mathematics encompasses
a body of knowledge, skills and procedures that can be used in a rich variety of
ways: to describe, illustrate and interpret; to predict; and to explain. It should be
recognized that mathematics is an intellectual pursuit in its own right, a source of
fascination, challenge, and enjoyment. The exploration of patterns and
relationships, the satisfaction of solving problems, the appreciation of designs and
shapes and an awareness of the historical and cultural influences that have shaped
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21. modern mathematics can contribute to the child's enthusiasm for the subject. This
curriculum seeks to provide the child with a mathematical education that is
developmentally appropriate as well as socially relevant.
The importance and impact of curriculum cannot be overstated. Steve Glenn,
Contributor of curriculum planner, March 13, 2012, states that, “the impact on
Administrators to a curriculum allows administrators to provide a dynamic
educational program for current and prospective students. Schools, colleges and
universities attract students with a variety of quality, competitive and flexible
program curricula. The Impact on Teachers to a curriculum offers teachers the
ideas and strategies for assessing student progress. A student must meet certain
academic requirements in order to go to the next level. Without the guidance of a
curriculum, teachers cannot be certain that they have supplied the necessary
knowledge or the opportunity for student success at the next level, whether that
level involves a high school, college or career.
The Impact on Students curriculum according to study of Steve Glenn gives
students an understanding of what must be accomplished in order to obtain a
degree. Without such knowledge, students would be lost in a maze of academic
courses that seemingly leads nowhere. They would have no assurance that they
are taking the proper subjects toward a diploma or a degree. A curriculum promotes
a sense of order and structure in the pursuit of academic success. The Overall
Significance in designing a curriculum involves the interaction of several
participants, reaching beyond the academic wall to impact the entire community.
Without an effective curriculum, students would not be able to understand or meet
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22. the challenges of society. A curriculum prepares an individual with the knowledge to
be successful, confident and responsible citizens”
Faculty
Teachers are influenced by the physical conditions within which they work.
Physical surroundings impact job satisfaction and, hence job performance. Good
physical working conditions in any occupation can have a positive impact upon job
satisfaction, attendance, effort, effectiveness and morale (Becker, 1981).
According to Keller (2003), it is difficult to separate behaviour from work
environment when addressing teacher morale and job satisfaction.. Decreases in
job performance and increases in turnover rate result in real financial cost on the
part of school districts as result of inadequate facilities (Becker, 1981). Becker
(1981) notes that adequate space with comfortable temperature; furnishings and
lighting will increase the satisfaction of occupants and increase individual
capabilities as a result.
Schneider (2003) reports from his study that the teachers list down
environmental problems such as poor indoor air quality, noise, low lighting as well
as 25percent indicating that they have taught in non-instructional areas such as
hallways or even closets. Teachers have difficulty maintaining their sense of
professionalism if they are not provided with private workspace (Hathaway, 1988).
As with many other professionals, it stands to reason that teachers should be
provided with private working space with telephone, fax machine and computers
(Moore & Lackney1994). If teachers are expected to participate in shared decision-
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23. making, then workspace should also be arranged to provide professional interaction
with peers and administrators (Moore & Lackney, 1994)
R S Mcgowen (2007 states that other factors of teacher space contribute to
the sense of professionalism among faculty. Teachers need space to engage other
teachers. Outside of class time, teachers need adult interaction that takes place in
pleasant and appealing places (Stenzler, 1988).Teachers need space to interact
professionally and socially, according to Hawkins and Overbaugh (1988). Lack of
such space for relaxation and planning is a cause for poor morale among faculty
members.
Sheila Tobias at NADE2001 conference, the predominant causes of math
anxiety are environmental factors created by math teachers. These include
pressures created by timed tests, an overemphasis on one right method and one
right answer, humiliation of students at the blackboard, an atmosphere of
competition, absence of discussion, and other related dynamics that typify the math
classroom.
Still in the study of Tobias, these factors lead to destructive self-beliefs on the
students about math abilities they possess, avoidance behavior, and unwillingness
to explore mathematical concepts in the classroom environment. Coupled with the
negative influence of environmental factors is the belief those students who do well
in math do so because of native ability, not effort. This misconception, propagated
by teachers and society at large, only serves to reinforce negative student
behaviors that lead to under performance in mathematics.
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24. Tobias outlined various ways that college developmental math faculty can
respond to these negative factors. The following negative factors are the following:
First, she emphasized the importance of good diagnostic and placement
procedures. This includes the need for colleges to consider the effect of time
restrictions on placement testing and for students to be given the opportunity to
prepare in advance for placement tests. It also includes the need for faculty to
identify and understand the learning style needs and preferences of their students
and for accurate assessment of student disabilities where they exist.
Second, instructional methods have to be altered to accommodate the
learning characteristics of different kinds of students.
Third, as student learning is driven by tests, college instructors need to be
aware of certain testing issues. These include the impact of timed testing and test
format on student performance. Instructors should experiment with testing by
removing time restrictions and varying test types to include open-ended questions,
problem solving, or even essay questions, as opposed to just “right answer/wrong
answer” questions. Finally, “math clinics” can be useful in helping students deal with
the effects of math anxiety or other student-related barriers to learning math.
Tobias suggests that math instructor‟s team together with a college
counselor to offer voluntary sessions in which students can explore the various
factors affecting their individual performance in math.
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25. N Jenkins, 2006 study states that without a doubt, the teacher maintained a
potent force in the classroom. It was found that a teacher‟s enthusiasm toward the
subject matter had a greater impact on student attitude than instructional variables.
A teacher who showed excitement toward mathematics, for example, tended to
produce similar enthusiasm in his or her students. Furthermore, a teacher who
disliked and feared mathematics also passed on a lasting negative attitude to
students.
Students Services
Students‟ attitudes and behaviours are impacted by their physical
surroundings. There are certain factors that will help students uplift their learning
and will be beneficial for students‟ academic achievements.
In the study of Bethune- in Cookman University states that an individual
should provide a group counselling sessions to assist students in developing
interpersonal, social, and decision-making skills through the Office of Career and
Program Services Student Health Services. He made mention of certain factors that
are beneficial for students‟ academic enhances. These are the following:
Library Learning Resources Information Technology – The Library provides
computer labs as work stations for students to complete academic assignments
using the library resources. Computers are available in the residence halls for
students to check-out, and in the Parlin Resource Center for students. The
computers enhance the quality of services provided to students, which have been
documented in technology evaluation surveys.
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26. Academic Advising - Academic Advising is an essential component of the
educational process and is committed to a program which strives to integrate
students‟ personal and academic goals, address their cognitive and social
development, and establish the relationship between education and life
experiences. Each student is assigned an academic advisor whose role is to help
the student clarify individual goals and develop a suitable educational plan, select
an appropriate course sequence, and review the progress toward established
educational goals.
Career and Program Services- the University provides individual and group
counselling sessions to assist students in developing interpersonal, social, and
decision-making skills through the Office of Career and Program Services Student
Health Services. Within the tuition/fees costs, students are charged a student health
fee to assist with student health care costs of the University.
Religious Life the university has an Interim Chaplain who is available to
students for spiritual counselling and guidance. The Interim Chaplain also
coordinates and promotes religious activities such as Bible Study, Religious
Emphasis Week, and prayer services.
Physical Facilities
The researcher dream of having a good facility conditions for PUP Calauan
Campus that would benefit the respondent‟s mathematics performance. From the
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27. study of Mcgowen, 2007, his recommendation based upon school facility conditions
includes the following: administrators and designers should take into account
factors such as interior environment and academic learning space when planning
schools to positively impact student discipline; school design and construction
should focus on specialized learning spaces and other academic areas more than
administrative support spaces and other academic areas more than administrative
support spaces when striving to increase teacher satisfaction with physical working
conditions.
Traditionally, public high school has received much of the attention in the
discussion of school reform because of too many enrolees every year. This is
possibly due to economic condition of parent who cannot send children to college.
But in the real sense, according to (Fiske, 1991), in economic terms, the
improvement of school would seem beneficial to our colleges and companies
because it is in this stage the we will have future educators in preparation for next
generation. School good condition matters most in academic achievement. From
the study of (Blair & Pollard, 1998), the evaluation of school building, in light of
reform movements allows planners and educators to align academic initiatives,
such as improved test scores, with the tangible factors of the school house such as
lighting and indoor air quality.
Sad to say that much research disregard school building and has continue to
focus on pedagogical and curriculum trends and not directly on the environment
surrounding of the learner and the educator (Gregory & Smith,1997).
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28. More profoundly, studies are increasing their focus on the impact that the
environmental design will have on student outcomes. When the learning process is
at the core of design priorities, there is a significant likelihood that the facility will
positively influence performance (Blair, 1998). The correlation appears to be
positive between facility design and learning. Chan (1996) clarifies that poor
learning facilities can foster negative attitudes just as exceptional designs may
bolster achievement. The growth of brain-based research has provided a shot in the
arm for facility design studies. Caine and Caine (1990) make the point that brain-
based research is not an independent movement in education, but an approach
from which all learning research will benefit. The brain is a physiological system and
can be stimulated, both positively and negatively, by its physical surroundings
(Chan & Petrie, 1998).
2. Family Orientation
2.1 Education
Supportive relationship with parents, peers and teachers were related to
students‟ motivation to school and to academic achievement .According to the
Journal of research in Education, 2007, parental support, belongingness and social
supports are factors for the adoption of social valued goal and objectives”.
Research suggests that family involvement in education can boost young children's
academic success (e.g., Henderson & Berla, 1994; Fendrich, 1999; Marcon, 1999;).
Research also suggests that the transition between early childhood and elementary
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29. school can be a crucial period in children's development (Pianta, Rimm-Kauffman &
Cox 1999).
Yet less is known about the experience of kindergarten transition from
parents' perspective (for an exception, see Pianta & Kraft-Sayre, 1999) and the
ways that children's early childhood education might promote their parents'
involvement throughout children's schooling. Research suggests that family
involvement in education can boost young children's academic success.
In the study of (Jenkins, 2006), research indicates that parental influence can
also affect the mathematics attitudes and performance of children in the following
three ways: parental expectations of a child‟s achievement, parental
encouragement, and a parent‟s own mathematics attitudes. Findings about student
attitudes toward mathematics were positively related to how they rated their parent‟s
attitudes toward mathematics. The attitude of students was also positively
correlated with the amount of mathematics education desired by the parents for
their children.
Journal of Research in Education, 2007, found that students having educated
parents or living with both parents tended to receive higher scores in mathematics.
In addition, students‟ social backgrounds significantly influence their mathematics
achievement after controlling of this academic ability and orientation toward school
(Shores & Shannon 2007).
Values
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30. An educated individual promotes education in his family. Thus he contributes
to the spread of education, starting from a small unit of society - his family. The idea
of education and a strong belief in its benefits on individuals and the society are
transferred from one generation to another. One educated individual can prove to
be instrumental in the educational development of his family, the future generations
and in turn, the society.
According to Manalili Oak Jan 2012, Education helps a person meet his
career objectives and achieve economic growth. Education builds resourceful
human beings out of illiterate individuals. Education gives a sense of personal
fulfillment. An educated individual having experienced its positive effects
encourages the idea of education.
Education helps create good teachers. Why not? From the articles, The
Spread of Education states that on acquiring education an individual gains the
ability to share what he has learned with the less learned. He acquires the ability to
impart his knowledge to the less knowledgeable; he gains the ability to teach. Now,
every educated individual is a good teacher. But education is definitely a doorway
leading to the field of education - where one becomes the ambassador of
education itself.
The true purpose of education is to bring profoundness to one's expression,
broaden one's perspective and build in the individuals, a better approach of looking
at life.
Social Relationship
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31. High achieving students sought more social assistance from teachers and
peers than did low achieving students, as well as used more strategies such as
rehearsing, memorizing, organizing, transforming, goal setting and planning,
monitoring and self-evaluation.
According to Vygotsky.1978, reveals that children who are accepted by peers
have been found to be more academically successful than children who are rejected
or not highly accepted by their peers. Their friends are more sensitive to each
other‟s‟ needs and more supportive of each other‟s‟ thoughts and well-being than
non-friends, it may be that children are more likely to talk openly and challenge
each other‟s‟ thoughts and feelings in the company of friends than non-friends.
These researchers suggest that if this is the case, one would expect children who
have friends to interact with their peers in a way that is more likely to promote
cognitive growth compared to children who do not have friends. Researchers have
long acknowledged that peer relationships form a developmental context for
children (Cillessen & Mayeux, 2004).
Social media increase in academic knowledge because it lowers traditional
communications constraints of cost, geography, and time; and it supports the type
of open information sharing that brings people together (Janna Anderson, Lee
Rainie July 2, 2010). In her research it states that social benefits of internet use will
far outweigh the negatives over the next decade, according to experts who
responded to a survey about the future of the internet. They say this is because
email, social networks, and other online tools offer „low-friction‟ opportunities to
create, enhance, and rediscover social ties that make a difference in people‟s lives.
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32. The internet lowers traditional communications constraints of cost, geography, and
time; and it supports the type of open information sharing that brings people
together. Research has shown that most children who have positive peer
relationship also do well academically and that children who are rejected by peers
early on tend to encounter more academic difficulties in later years (Wetzel and
Caldwell, 1997).
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The study reports the results of a survey conducted to examine School
Related Variables and Family Orientation leading to the Student Mathematics
Performance at PUP Campus, Calauan, and Laguna. The descriptive – correlation
method will use in this study.
This study will use the Descriptive Research Method wherein the study is
focused on present situations. It involves the recording, description, analysis and
the presentation of the present system, composition or processes of phenomena.
Under the Descriptive Research Method as introduced by MCBilly(Feb. 2009), the
technique used is the Survey Method, which is otherwise known as normative
survey. The results and findings of the study should always be compared with the
standards. With the survey method, researchers are able to statistically study the
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33. specific areas where the proponents must concentrate. Findings regarding the
common practices being done and the methods which are commonly adopted by
the students are obtained with the use of the survey method.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study will be three hundred (300) college students
from PUP Campus Calauan Laguna from Academic Year 2009 - 2012 who took
Mathematics. Since this university is now on its 4th year operation it is indicated the
percentage number of student passed the subject every semester.
Research Instruments
The proponents prepare a set of carefully prepared and logically ordered
questions. This respondent focuses on their performance in mathematics subject
because they are very important in a sense that this study is all about them. The
questionnaires are being prepared accordingly to the priority of concern by using
predetermined sets of questions with predefined ranges of answers so as to
avoid any conflicting series of response.
The questionnaire- checklist consisted of the relationship between
Mathematics Performances with intrinsic factors (Respondents Profile) such as
Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly Income, Types of Residence, Civil Status
Organizational Membership, and Educational Attainments ; extrinsic factors (School
Related Variables) such as Curriculum, Faculty, Students Services, Physical
Facilities and Family Orientation Factors such as Education, Values and Social
Relationship.
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34. The information needed will be gathered using the checklist style research-
made questionnaire. All information and conclusions drawn from this study were
obtained only to this particular group of students.
Part 1 on the questionnaire-checklist obtained the Respondents Profile in terms of
Age, Gender, Occupation, Monthly Income, Types of Residence, Civil Status
Organizational Membership, and Educational Attainment. It is composed of 12
questions. Each question was given a set of letter that corresponds their
characteristics.
Part 2 on the questionnaire-checklist obtained the Respondents Performance in
Mathematics in relation to School Related Variables as to Curriculum, Faculty,
Students Services and Physical Facilities. It is composed of 28 statements. Each
statement was given one set of five letters. The five letters were ranked as:
5 -STRONGLY AGREE (SA)
4 - AGREE (A)
3 SLIGHTLY AGREE (SR)
2 - DISAGREE (D)
1 - STRONGLY DISAGREE (SD)
The questionnaire – checklist was presented to the adviser and expert on
Mathematics for comments, corrections, and suggestions on the content.
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35. Part 2 on the questionnaire-checklist obtained the Respondents Performance in
Mathematics in relation to Family Orientation as to Education, Values and Social
Relationships. It is composed of 21 statements. Each statement was given one set
of five letters. The five letters were ranked as:
5 -STRONGLY AGREE (S A)
4 - AGREE (A)
3 SLIGHTLY AGREE (SR)
2 - DISAGREE (D)
1 - STRONGLY DISAGREE (SD)
Research Procedure
The original title proposed by the researcher was checked, revised and
rechecked by the researcher‟s adviser together with the panel members to maintain
conformity on the subject of research. The questionnaire-checklist that aims to draw
out proper responses on the objectives of this study was constructed and is subject
for checking by the research adviser to ensure the validity of responses it would
derive.
Permit to conduct research and study is to secure letter requesting
permission to the Director of Polytechnic University of the Philippines Calauan,
Campus for the College Students in Mathematics Academic Year 2009-2012
Statistical Treatment of Data
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36. Analysis Statistical Tools
1. Person – Related Information: Frequency, Percent
1.1 Age Weighted Mean and
1.2 Gender Standard Deviation
1.3 Occupation
1.4 Monthly Income
1.5 Types of Residence
1.6 Civil Status
1.7 Organizational Membership; and
1.8 Educational Attainment
2. The extent of School Related Variable in terms of:
2.1Curriculum: Weighted Mean and
2.2 Faculty: Standard Deviation
2.3 Students Services; and
2.4 Physical Facilities?
3. The extent of family orientation in terms of?
3.1. Education; Weighted Mean and
3.2. Values; and Standard Deviation
3.3 Social relationship?
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37. 4. The Students level of performance in Business Mathematics. Frequency,
Percent, Weighted Mean & Standard Deviation
5. The student‟s significant relationship between: Pearson Product - Moment
5.1. School Related Factors; and Correlation Coefficient
5.2. Family Orientation?
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