Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
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Concept of Anthropology and culture
1.
2. 2
It is a
compound of
two Greek
Word
âAnthroposâ
and âLogosâ
Which can be
translated as âHumanâ
and âreasonâ
3. 3
Anthropology â means âreason
about humansâ or knowledge about
humansâ
Social Anthropology would then
means knowledge about humans in
societies.
- Of course, cover the other social
sciences as well as anthropology.
4. 4
Culture
- Derives from the
Latin âColereâ â
Cultivate, to settle, e.g.
agriculture,
horticulture
5. 5
Cultural Anthropology
- Means âknowledge about cultivated
humansâ. Knowledge about those
aspects of humanity which are not
natural, but which are related to that
which is
required
7. 7
Culture comes in many
shapes and sizes. It
includes areas such as
politics, history, faith,
mentality, behavior
and lifestyle. The
examples above
demonstrate how a
lack of cultural
sensitivity led to
failure.
8. 8
ïThe are many definitions of the word
âCultureâ
ïCulture is developed within the individual as
well as the outside environment
ïIt is continually changing and dynamic
ïCulture is reflected in communication
patterns
ïCulture is way of acting, a way of behaving
ïCulture is a collective phenomenon
ïPeople who grow up in similar environment
tend to share common attitudes and behave
in similar ways
ïCulture is not inherited, it is learned
9. 9
Culture is a complex whole which include knowledge,
belief, art, law, morals, custom and other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society
(Edward Taylor, 1958)
Culture is a complex whole that consists of all the ways we
think and do and everything we have as members of society
(Robert Bierstadt, 1974)
10. 10
Culture is what all human beings learn to do, to use,
to produce, to know, and to believe as they grow
to maturity and live out their lives in the social groups
to which they belong
Culture is the knowledge, language, values, customs
material objects that are passed from person to person
and from one generation to the next in a human group
or society
11. 11
CULTURE
(according to Geert Hofstede)
The collective programming of the mind
that distinguishes the members of
one category of people from another
12. 12
ïCulture is not only the way we do things.
It is also our attitudes, thoughts,
expectations, goals and values. It is the
rules of our society â the norms that tell
us what is and what is not acceptable in
the society
ïCulture can also be viewed from an
anthropological perspective, that is, in
its most traditional interpretation, such
as Aboriginal Culture
13. 13
Material Culture â formed by the physical
objects that people create
ï Cars, clothing, books, buildings, computers
ï Archeologists refer to these items as artifacts
Non-material Culture â abstract human
creations (canât touch it)
ïLanguage, family patterns, work practices, political and
economic systems
14. 14
ïBetter service to international guests
ïImproved relations in the workplace
ïIncreased return in business
ïImproved the industry and the
organization reputations
ïBetter service to local community
17. 17
ïFunctional: each culture has a function to
perform; its purpose is to provide
guidelines for behavior of a group of people
ïSocial Phenomenon: human beings
create culture; culture results from human
interaction and is unique to human society
ïPrescriptive: culture prescribes (sets
down or imposes) rules of social behavior
ïLearned: culture is not inherited; it is
learned from other members of the society
18. 18
ïArbitrary: cultural practices and
behaviors are subject to judgment. Certain
behaviors are acceptable in one culture and
not acceptable in other culture
ïValue Laden: culture provides values and
tells people what is right and wrong
ïFacilitates Communication: culture
facilitates verbal and nonverbal
communication
ïAdaptive/ Dynamic: culture is constantly
changing to adjust to new situation and
environment; it changes as society changes
and develops
19. 19
ïLong Term: culture is developed
thousands of years ago and it was
accumulated by human beings in the
course of time and is the sum of
acquired experience and knowledge
ïSatisfy Needs: culture helps to
satisfy the needs of the members of a
society by offering direction and
guidance
(Source: Reisinger, 2003, p.14)
20. 20
ïDominant culture consists of several subcultures
ïSubcultures can be based on race, ethnicity,
geographic region or economic or social class
ïRace: a genetic or biological similarity among
people (Asians, Caucasians, etc.)
ïEthnicity: a wide variety of groups of people
who share a language, history and religion and
identify themselves with a common nation or
cultural system
ïGeographical region: geographic differences
within countries or similarities between
countries
ïEconomic and social class: differences in the
socio-economic standing of people
21. 21
ïEach subculture community exhibits
characteristic patterns of behavior that
distinguish it from others within a
parent culture
ïEach subculture provides its members
with a different set of values and
expectations as a result of regional
differences
22. 22
SUB CULTURE
SUB CULTURE
DOMINANT CULTURE
Dominant culture directs
the form of public social
Sub cultures
indicate the form
of private social
interaction
24. 24
ïDifferent patterns of verbal communication
ïLanguage
ïPhonology (differences in sound)
ïSemantic (differences in meaning of words)
ïSyntactics (differences in the sequence of the
words and their relationships to one another)
ïPragmatics (differences in effects of language on
perceptions)
ïParalanguage
ïIntonation, laughing, crying, questioning
25. 25
ïDifferent patterns of non-verbal
communication
ïBody movement (kinetics)
ïSpace and Touch: Use of personal space
(intimate, personal, social, public)
ïSense of Time
ïOther non-verbal codes: clothing,
building, furnishing, jewelry, cosmetics,
skin and hair color, body shape
26. 26
ïRole, Status, Class, Hierarchy,
Attitudes towards human nature,
Activity, Relationships between
individuals.
27. 27
ïDescribing reasons and opinions
ïExpressing dissatisfaction and criticism
ïJoking, asking personal questions,
complimenting and complaining,
expressing dislike, showing warmth,
addressing people, apologizing,
expressing negative opinions and gift
giving
28. 28
ïCultural differences on the interaction
process between a service provider and a
visitor
Example: Chinese Hosts & American Tourists
ïChinese escorting their guests everywhere,
providing them with a tight itinerary and not
leaving an opportunity to experience the
Chinese life style privately. The Chinese hosts
believe they have provided their guests with
courtesy.
ïAmerican tourists may view such hospitality as
an intrusion and lack of trust.
29. 29
ïThere are many dimensions of which
cultures differ
ïSome of the dimensions (scope) are:
According to Hall, cultures can be
differentiated on the basis of orientation
towards:
ïHuman nature: agreements
ïActivity orientation
ïHuman relationships: amount of space,
possessions, friendship, communication
ïRelation to time: past/ future
ïSpace orientation: public/ private
30. 30
ïHofstede (1980, 1984, 1991)
ïPower distance (PD): interpersonal
relationship develop in hierarchical society
ïUncertainty Avoidance (UA): the degree to
which people feel threatened by ambiguous
situations
ïIndividualism-Collectivism (IC): the degree
to which individual goals and needs take
primary over group goals and needs
ïMasculinity-Femininity (MF): the degree to
which people value work and achievement VS
quality of life and harmonious human
relations
32. 32
ïDiffering shapes of the individual
represent the influence of different
cultures on an individual
ïWhen an individual from Culture A
leaves its culture and reaches
Culture B, his or her behavior
changes because of the influence of
a culturally different society.
33. 33
1. In your own words, briefly define the term
CULTURE
2. Write 3 hidden and 3 visible components of
culture
3. List 3 important benefits of a multicultural work
force?
4. What is subculture?
5. Explain cultural differences in communication
and service and give examples