Downloaded 188 times
More Related Content
02 chapter two
- 1. ServSafe™ Exam Prep& Study Guide AtTheInstitute.com
- 2. 2. The Microworld AtTheInstitute.com
- 3. Section Goals • Listthe types of • List the major pathogens which cause foodborne illnesses, foodborne illness. their characteristics and • List the factors that methods of prevention. affect the growth of • List additional biological bacteria. hazards to food safety • List the foods most along with their likely to become unsafe. characteristics and prevention methods.
- 4. Definitions • TCS (TemperatureControl for Safety) Foods – TCS foods are those items for which time & temperature control are vital in order to ensure the safety of the food. • Toxin – A poison produced by a living organism. • Spore –A form adopted by some bacteria allowing them to survive for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. They can change back and begin growing again once conditions are more favorable.
- 5. Pathogens Most microorganisms areharmless. Some are even beneficial. But others (Pathogens) can cause illness. Some pathogens can make you sick. Other pathogens can produce poisons (toxins) that make you sick. Pathogens include: • Viruses • Bacteria • Parasites • Fungi
- 6. Foods Most Likelyto Become Unsafe Though any food can be contaminated, certain foods are better for the growth of pathogens. These foods are known as TCS (Temperature Control for Safety) foods. • Meat, Fish & Shellfish & Poultry • Eggs, Milk & Dairy Products • Soy products and Synthetic Meat Replacements • Cooked Plant Foods • Sprouts and sprout seeds • Untreated Garlic-and-Oil mixtures • Sliced Melons & Tomatoes
- 7. Characteristics of TCSFoods These TCS Foods tend to have some common characteristics. In general, they are either historically prone to be involved in foodborne illness outbreaks or are: • High in protein. • Moist • Neutral to slightly acidic.
- 8. Controlling Pathogen Growth Tocontrol the growth of pathogens you need to keep food at the right temperature. An example of this might be refrigerating potato salad or placing soup into a hot-holding unit for service. Like TCS foods, ready-to-eat foods also need careful handling to avoid contamination. Already cooked foods, deli-meats and cheeses, baked goods and washed fruits & vegetables are easily contaminated.
- 9. Types of Pathogens There are four types of pathogens that can contaminate food and cause foodborne illness. • Viruses • Bacteria • Parasites • Fungi
- 10. Viruses Virusesare the leading cause of foodborne illness. When customers get sick from food contaminated by viruses, it’s usually because their food was handled by an employee who has that virus. Virus Facts: • Viruses can survive refrigerator and freezer temperatures. • Viruses can contaminate food and water. • Viruses do not grow in food but once eaten can grow in a person’s intestines. • Viruses can be transferred from person to person, person to food, or person to food-contact surface.
- 11. Preventing Foodborne Illnessescaused by Viruses There are several ways to help prevent the spread of viruses within your operation. • Keep foodhandlers who are vomiting, have diarrhea, or jaundice out of the operation. • Ensure that foodhandles wash their hands properly. • Eliminate bare-hand-contact with ready-to-eat food. The viruses of most concern to us are Hepatitis A & Norovirus.
- 12. Disease: Hepatitis A Caused by: Hepatitus A Virus Foods commonly involved: Prevention measures: Ready-to-eat foods Keep employees diagnosed Shellfish from with Hepatitis A and contaminated water employees with jaundice out of the operation Proper handwashing Eliminate bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat food. Purchase shellfish from an approved reputable supplier.
- 13. Disease: Norovirus Gastroenteritis Caused by: Norovirus Foods commonly involved: Prevention measures: Ready-to-eat foods Keep employees diagnosed Shellfish from with Norovirus and contaminated water employees with diarrhea or vomiting out of the operation Proper handwashing Eliminate bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat food. Purchase shellfish from an approved reputable supplier.
- 14. Bacteria Though viruses arethe leading cause of foodborne illness, bacteria also cause many cases of foodborne illness. Pathogenic bacteria need six things in order to grow. Together these factors are known by the acronym, FAT TOM. • Food. • Acidity. • Temperature • Time • Oxygen. • Moisture
- 15. FAT TOM FOOD ACIDITY Pathogens require a source of energy like Pathogens grow best in protein or low acid or neutral carbohydrates. environments.
- 16. FAT TOM (continued) TEMPERATURE TIME Pathogens grow well Pathogens need time to between 41⁰ F and 135⁰ grow. After food is in the F. This range is known as temperature danger zone The Temperature Danger for four hours, it can Zone. make someone ill.
- 17. FAT TOM (continued) OXYGEN MOISTURE Some pathogens need Pathogens need oxygen to grow while moisture in order to others will only grow in grow. the absence of oxygen.
- 18. Bacteria • Most bacteriaare controlled by controlling time and temperature. • If FAT TOM conditions are right bacteria can multiply every twenty minutes. • Bacteria can survive by temporarily changing into spore form when conditions are unfavorable. • Some bacteria make toxins as they grow and die. Cooking and freezing may not destroy these toxins.
- 19. Disease: Bacillus CereusGastroenteritis Caused by: Bacillus Cereus Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: (Time & Temperature) Cooked vegetables Cook food to its proper Meat products temperature. Milk Hold food at proper temperatures. Cool food correctly.
- 20. Disease: Listeriosis Caused by: Listeria Monocytogenes Foods commonly involved: Prevention measures: Raw meats Cook raw meat to its Unpasteurized dairy proper temperature. products Throw out any product Ready-to-eat foods such past its expiration or use as deli meats, hot dogs & by date. soft cheeses Prevent cross contamination. Do not use unpasteurized dairy products
- 21. Disease: Hemorrhagic Colitis Caused by: Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) O157:H& et al. Foods commonly involved: Prevention measures: Ground Beef Cook ground beef to its Contaminated produce proper temperature. Prevent cross contamination. Buy produce from an approved reputable supplier. Keep employees diagnosed with hemorrhagic colitis out of the operation.
- 22. Disease: Clostridium PerfringensGastroenteritis Caused by: Clostridium Perfringens Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: (Time & Temperature) Meat Hold food at proper Poultry temperatures. Soups, stews & gravies Cool food correctly. containing meat or poultry
- 23. Disease: Botulism Caused by: Clostridium Botulinum Foods commonly involved: Prevention measures: (Time Improperly canned foods & Temperature) Reduced Oxygen Hold, cool & reheat food Packaging (ROP) foods properly. Time/Temperature Inspect canned foods for abused vegetables such signs of damage. as baked potatoes Untreated garlic & oil mixtures
- 24. Disease: Salmonellosis Caused by: Salmonella spp Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: Cook poultry and eggs Poultry to their proper Eggs temperatures. Dairy Prevent cross Produce contamination. Keep foodhandlers diagnosed with Salmonellosis out of the operation.
- 25. Disease: Shigellosis Caused by: Shigella spp Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: (Proper Hygiene) Foods easily Keep foodhandlers who contaminated by hands have diarrhea out of the such as ready-to-eat operation. foods. Wash hands properly. Foods that have come Keep foodhandlers in contact with diagnosed with contaminated water Shigellosis out of the operation.
- 26. Disease: Staphylococcal Gastroenteritis Caused by: Staphylococcus Aureus Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: (Proper Hygiene) Foods easily Wash hands properly. contaminated by hands Cover wounds on the such as ready-to-eat hands and arms. foods.
- 27. Disease: Vibrio Gastroenteritisand Vibrio Vulnificus Primary Scepticemia Caused by: Vibrio Vulnificus and Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: Cook oysters to their Oysters from minimum internal contaminated waters. temperature.
- 28. Parasites Thoughillnesses from parasites are not as widespread as those from viruses or bacteria it is still important to guard against the threat they pose. • Parasites can contaminate both food & water. • Parasites cannot grow in food. They need to be in the flesh of an animal to grow and survive. • The best defense against parasites is to purchase food from approved, reputable suppliers.
- 29. Disease: Anisakiasis Caused by: Anisakis Simplex Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: Cook fish to proper Raw and undercooked temperatures. fish including: herring, If serving raw or cod, halibut, mackerel & undercooked fish, Pacific salmon purchase sushi-grade fish.
- 30. Disease: Cryptosporidiosis Caused by: Cryptosporidium Parvum Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: Use properly treated Contaminated water & water. produce. Keep foodhandlers with diarrhea out of the operation. Wash hands.
- 31. Disease: Giardiasis Caused by: Giardia Duodenalis Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: (Time & Temperature) Contaminated water & Use properly treated produce. water. Keep foodhandlers with diarrhea out of the operation. Wash hands.
- 32. Fungi Fungi are knownprimarily for spoiling food but some can make people sick. They can be found in air, water, soil, plants and some food. Mold & yeast are the two fungi of primary concern.
- 33. Molds Moldsspoil food and sometimes cause illness. Some molds produce toxins, such as aflatoxins. • Molds grow well in acidic foods with little or no moisture, such as jams & jellies and in salty meats like bacon, salami and ham. • Throw out moldy food unless mold is a natural part of the product. • The FDA recommends that mold on hard cheese, salami and firm produce may be cut away at least one inch (2.5 centimeters) around the moldy area.
- 34. Yeasts Yeastscan spoil foods quickly. Signs of spoilage include a smell or taste of alcohol. The yeast itself may appear as a white or pink discoloration or slime and may bubble. Like molds, yeasts grow well in acidic foods with little moisture, such as jams & jellies, syrup, honey and fruit and fruit juices. • Discard any food that shows signs of yeast spoilage.
- 35. Seafood Toxins Seafood toxins cannot be smelled or tasted nor can they be destroyed by freezing or cooking. • Fish Toxins may be a natural part of the fish or made by pathogens on the fish. Others occur when a predatory fish eats a smaller, contaminated fish that has consumed a toxin. • Shellfish Toxins can contaminate shellfish when they consume contaminated marine algae.
- 36. Disease: Scromboid Poisoning Caused by: Histamine When Scromboid fish are time and temperature abused, bacteria on the fish make the toxin, histamine. This toxin cannot be destroyed by cooking, freezing, smoking, or curing. Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: Prevent time & Scromboid fish: tuna, temperature abuse. bonito, mackerel, and mahi-mahi.
- 37. Disease: Ciguatera FishPoisoning Caused by: Ciguatoxin Ciguatoxin can be found in certain marine algae. It can build up in larger fish when they eat smaller fish that have eaten these algae. Symptoms of Ciguatera poisoning can last for months or years. Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: Purchase fish from an Predatory tropical reef approved reputable fish: baracuda. snapper, supplier. grouper, and jacks.
- 38. Disease: Shellfish Poisoning(Paralytic, Neurotoxic, or Amnesic) Caused by: Saxitoxin (paralytic), Brevetoxin (neurotoxic), or Domoic Acid (amnesic) Foods commonly Prevention measures: involved: Purchase shellfish from Clams, Mussels, approved, reputable Oysters, and Scallops. suppliers.
- 39. Mushroom Toxins Almost all cases of mushroom-borne illnesses happen when amateur mushroom hunters collect and serve wild mushrooms. Often toxic and edible mushrooms appear nearly identical to one another. • Mushroom toxins cannot be destroyed by cooking or freezing. • Only use mushrooms that are grown by and purchased from approved, reputable suppliers.
- 40. Plant Toxins Illnesses caused by plant toxins occur when products are purchased from unapproved sources or if a particular product is not cooked or handled correctly. Here are some of the items that can make people sick. • Toxic plants may be confused for their edible versions, like fool’s parsley or wild turnips. • Honey gathered from bees that have harvested toxic nectar is toxic. • Undercooked kidney beans can make people ill.
- 41. ServSafe Essentials ISBN: 0135026520 http://nraef.org http://www.servsafe.com
- 42.
Editor's Notes
- #2 Hello and welcome to AtTheInstitute.com’s online preparatory course for the National Restaurant AssociationServSafe Manager Certification Exam.
- #3 This is section two of the online course: The Microworld.
- #4 In this section you will learn to: List the types of pathogens which cause foodborne illness.List the factors that affect the growth of bacteria.List the foods most likely to become unsafe.List the major foodborne illnesses, their characteristics and methods of prevention.List additional biological hazards to food safety along with their characteristics and prevention methods.
- #5 Just a few definitions you’ll need to know before beginning.TCS (Temperature Control for Safety) Foods – TCS foods are those items for which time & temperature control are vital in order to ensure the safety of the food.Toxin – Toxins are poisons produced by a living organism.Spore –A spore is a form adopted by some bacteria allowing them to survive for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. They can change back and begin growing again once conditions are more favorable.
- #6 Most microorganisms are harmless. Some are even beneficial. But others (Pathogens) can cause illness. Some pathogens can make you sick. Other pathogens can produce poisons (toxins) that make you sick.Pathogens include:VirusesBacteriaParasitesFungiMany viruses, bacteria & parasites can not bee seen, smelled or tasted. On the other hand, some fungi (like mold) can change the appearance, taste and smell of food – though they may or may not cause illness.
- #7 [Read slide text]
- #8 TCS Foods tend to have some common characteristics. In general, they are either historically prone to be involved in foodborne illness outbreaks or are:High in protein.MoistNeutral to slightly acidic.
- #9 To control the growth of pathogens you need to keep food at the right temperature. An example of this might be refrigerating potato salad or placing soup into a hot-holding unit for service. Like TCS foods, ready-to-eat foods also need careful handling to avoid contamination. Already cooked foods, deli-meats and cheeses, baked goods and washed fruits & vegetables are easily contaminated.
- #10 As we’ve already noted, there are four types of pathogens. They are: viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi.
- #11 Viruses are the leading cause of foodborne illness. When customers get sick from food contaminated by viruses, it’s usually because their food was handled by an employee who has that virus.Here’s some Virus Facts:Viruses can survive refrigerator and freezer temperatures.Viruses can contaminate food and water.Viruses do not grow in food but once eaten can grow in a person’s intestines.Viruses can be transferred from person to person, person to food, or person to food-contact surface.readslide text]
- #12 There are several ways to help prevent the spread of viruses within your operation.Keep foodhandlers who are vomiting, have diarrhea, or jaundice out of the operation.Ensure that foodhandles wash their hands properly.Eliminate bare-hand-contact with ready-to-eat food.The viruses of most concern to us are Hepatitis A & Norovirus.
- #13 This table lists the foods commonly involved in a Hepatitis A outbreak and some ways to prevent such incidents. Familiarize yourself with these foods and with the prevention measures.[read slide text]
- #14 This table lists the foods commonly involved in a Norovirus outbreak and some ways to prevent such incidents. Again, you’ll need to know these foods and the appropriate prevention measures.[read slide text]
- #15 Though viruses are the leading cause of foodborne illness, bacteria also cause many cases of foodborne illness. Pathogenic bacteria need six things in order to grow. Together these factors are known by the acronym, FAT TOM.Food.Acidity.TemperatureTimeOxygen.Moisture
- #16 [read slide text]
- #17 [read slide text]
- #18 [read slide text]
- #19 Bacteria that cause foodborne illness have some basic characteristics:Most bacteria are controlled by controlling time and temperature.If FAT TOM conditions are right bacteria can multiply every twenty minutes.Bacteria can survive by temporarily changing into spore form when conditions are unfavorable.Some bacteria make toxins as they grow and die. Cooking and freezing may not destroy these toxins.
- #20 As with the viral diseases, you’ll need to know the foods involved with each bacterial disease and some basic prevention methods.[read bacteria and disease name and slide text]
- #21 [read bacteria and disease name and slide text]
- #22 [read bacteria and disease name and slide text]
- #23 [read bacteria and disease name and slide text]
- #24 [read bacteria and disease name and slide text]
- #25 [read bacteria and disease name and slide text]
- #26 Note: The next two diseases are closely associated with poor personal hygiene practices.[read bacteria and disease name and slide text]
- #27 [read bacteria and disease name and slide text]
- #28 Lastly there are the “Virbio-related” diseases from oysters. These diseases are best prevented by cooking oysters to their safe, minimum internal temperature. We’ll learn this temperature (and many others) in coming sections.
- #29 Though illnesses from parasites are not as widespread as those from viruses or bacteria it is still important to guard against the threat they pose.Parasites can contaminate both food & water.Parasites cannot grow in food. They need to be in the flesh of an animal to grow and survive.The best defense against parasites is to purchase food from approved, reputable suppliers.
- #30 As with Viruses and Bacteria, here are some charts showing some diseases caused by parasites and their prevention measures:[read disease and parasite name and slide text]
- #31 [read disease and parasite name and slide text]
- #32 [read disease and parasite name and slide text]
- #33 So far, we’ve looked at viruses, bacteria and parasites that cause foodborne illness. Now we’ll take a look at Fungi. Remember fungi only sometimes make people sick.Fungi are known primarily for spoiling food but some can make people sick. They can be found in air, water, soil, plants and some food. Mold & yeast are the two fungi of primary concern.
- #34 Molds spoil food and sometimes cause illness. Some molds produce toxins, such as aflatoxins.Molds grow well in acidic foods with little or no moisture, such as jams & jellies and in salty meats like bacon, salami and ham.Throw out moldy food unless mold is a natural part of the product.The FDA recommends that mold on hard cheese, salami and firm produce may be cut away at least one inch (2.5 centimeters) around the moldy area.
- #35 Yeasts can spoil foods quickly. Signs of spoilage include a smell or taste of alcohol. The yeast itself may appear as a white or pink discoloration or slime and may bubble. Like molds, yeasts grow well in acidic foods with little moisture, such as jams & jellies, syrup, honey and fruit and fruit juices.Discard any food that shows signs of yeast spoilage.
- #36 Though pathogens are the most likely cause of foodborne illness, Biological Toxins can also make people sick and so, must be prevented. We’ll start with seafood toxins. Seafood toxins cannot be smelled or tasted nor can they be destroyed by freezing or cooking.Fish Toxins may be a natural part of the fish or made by pathogens on the fish. Others occur when a predatory fish eats a smaller, contaminated fish that has consumed a toxin.Shellfish Toxins can contaminate shellfish when they consume contaminated marine algae.
- #37 [read disease name, cause and slide text]
- #38 [read disease name, cause and slide text]
- #39 Additionally, we have shellfish poisons associated with mollusks. These diseases are best prevented by purchasing shellfish from approved, reputable suppliers.
- #40 And last but not least we have mushroom and plant toxins: Almost all cases of mushroom-borne illnesses happen when amateur mushroom hunters collect and serve wild mushrooms. Often toxic and edible mushrooms appear nearly identical to one another.Mushroom toxins cannot be destroyed by cooking or freezing.Only use mushrooms that are grown by and purchased from approved, reputable suppliers.
- #41 [read slide text]Remember to purchase only from approved, reputable suppliers, then handle, cook and hold ingredients correctly.
- #42 All of the information provided can be found in The National Restaurant Association’s, ServSafe Essentials, 5th Edition with 2009 FDA Food Code Updates.For more information check them out online at www.servsafe.com.
- #43 Please take this opportunity to complete the review questions for this section before continuing on to section Three of the course.For AtTheInstitute.com, this is [your name]. Feel free to send us comments and feedback by email at feedback@AtTheInstitute.com.