1. HOLE’S HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TWELFTH EDITION SHIER  BUTLER  LEWIS Chapter 22 Reproductive Systems Edited by B. Holmes MSN/Ed, RN Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. First meiotic division (46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) Paired homologous chromosomes Second meiotic division (23 chromosomes, each chromatid now an independent chromosome) (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c)

7. Parent cell Paternal chromatids Gene for blood type Gene for eye color Gene for hair color Result of crossing over Maternal chromatids Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. 22.2: ORGANS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Urinary bladder Ureter Large intestine Seminal vesicle Urethra Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Anus Epididymis Scrotum Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum Penis Glans penis Prepuce (a) Superior pubic ramus (cut) Ductus (vas) deferens Bulbourethral gland Urogenital diaphragm Testis

9. TESTES Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Glans penis (b) Ureter Urinary bladder Prostate gland Ductus (vas) deferens Bulbourethral gland Bulb of penis Crus of penis Root of penis Body of penis

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Rectum Gubernaculum Gubernaculum Spermatic cord Inguinal canal Gubernaculum Lower abdominal cavity Abdominal wall Developing penis (a) Testis Symphysis pubis Peritoneum Vaginal process (cavity) (b) Ductus deferens Tunica vaginalis Scrotum (c) Testis Testis Descent of the Testes

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plane of section Epididymis Ductus deferens Rete testis Seminiferous tubules Spermatogonia Sperm cells Basement membrane (a) (b) Tunica albuginea Testis Interstitial cells (Cells of Leydig) Lumen of seminiferous tubule Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spermatogonia Sperm cells Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) Spermatogenic cells Basement membrane Seminiferous tubule © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Structure of the Testes

12. Spermatids Sperm cells Secondary spermatocyte Second meiotic division First meiotic division (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) Paired homologous chromosomes (46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (23 chromosomes, each chromatid now an independent chromosome) Primary spermatocyte Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Formation of Sperm Cells

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sustentacular cells Meiosis I Developmental sequence Wall of seminiferous tubule Meiosis II Changes in chromosome structure Spermatozoa (Sperm cells, 23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid per chromosome) Nucleus of sustentacular cell Spermatid (23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid per chromosome) Secondary spermatocyte (23 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome) Primary spermatocyte (46 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome) Tight junction between sustentacular cells (blood-testis barrier) Daughter cell in late interphase ( Type B Spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes 2 chromatids per chromosome) Daughter cell in late interphase (New type A spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes 2 chromatids per chromosome) Spermatogonium mitosis Basement membrane Lumen of seminiferous tubule Formation of Sperm Cells

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Brand X Pictures/CORBIS Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acrosome Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Midpiece Head Acrosome Centriole Nucleus Head Nucleus Flagellum (a) (b) Tail Midpiece (with mitochondria) Excess cytoplasm Excess cytoplasm and most organelles lost Tail Structure of a Sperm Cell

22. 22.1 CLINICAL APPLICATION Prostate Enlargement

23. 22.2 CLINICAL APPLICATION Male Infertility

28. Sexual stimulation Penis swells and becomes erect Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide, causing dilation of small arteries to penis Blood accumulates in the vascular spaces within erectile tissues of penis Veins are compressed, reducing blood flow away from penis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Emission—semen moves into urethra Sympathetic impulses contract smooth muscle Culmination of intense sexual stimulation Peristaltic contractions in testicular ducts, epididymides, ductus deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts Rhythmic contractions in erectile columns of penis Rhythmic contractions in bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles Ejaculation—semen is forcefully expelled from urethra Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation

34. REGULATION OF MALE SEX HORMONES Bloodstream Hypothalamus GnRH FSH LH Inhibin T estes + + – – + Stimulation Inhibition Androgens prevent oversecretion of GnRH Androgens prevent over- secretion of LH Inhibin prevents oversecretion of FSH Androgens stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics and maturation of sperm cells Testosterone and other androgens FSH stimulates meiosis in primary spermatocytes to form immature sperm cells; FSH stimulates secretion of inhibin by supporting cells LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete androgens (primarily testosterone) Pituitary gland Release into bloodstream Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

35. 22.4: ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM External os of Cervix Anus Symphysis pubis Rectum Fornix Fimbriae Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder Urethra Glans of Clitoris Labium minus Labium majus (a) Rectouterine pouch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vagina Vaginal orifice

36. 22.4: ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Anterior (b) Level of section Coccyx Sciatic nerve Femur Ureter Ischium Gluteus maximus m. Rectum Levator ani m. Uterus Urinary bladder Symphysis pubis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Femoral nerve, artery, and vein Inferior gluteal vein and artery

38. OVARIES Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Uterus Left ovary Suspensory ligament of ovary Fimbriae of uterine tube Broad ligament Uterine tube (retracted) Ovarian ligament Round ligament of uterus

46. Ovary Follicular fluid Time Time Ovulation Corpus luteum Uterine tube Secondary oocyte Zona pellucida Corona radiata First polar body Primary oocyte Follicular cells Primordial follicle Corpus albicans Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Time Time Time Primary follicle Ovulation

48. Infundibulum Fimbriae Secondary oocyte Follicle Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium Cervix Cervical orifice Uterine tube Body of uterus Ovary Ureter Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament with ovarian blood vessels and nerves Round ligament Broad ligament Uterine blood vessels Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vagina Uterine Tubes

49. (a) (b) Cilia Cytoplasm Nucleus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; b: © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited Connective tissue layer Basement membrane Uterine Tubes

50. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lumen Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Carol D. Jacobson, PhD., Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy, Iowa State University Uterine Wall

57. Sexual stimulation Sexual stimulation intensifies Arteries in the erectile tissue dilate; vagina expands and elongates Engorged and swollen vagina increases friction from movement of the penis Parasympathetic nerve impulses from the sacral portion of the spinal cord Orgasm-—rhythmic contraction of muscles of the perineum; muscular walls of uterus and uterine tubes contract Vestibular glands secrete mucus to lubricate Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Erection, Orgasm, Ejaculation

60. FEMALE SEX HORMONES Bloodstream Hypothalamus Ovaries Estrogens Breasts develop Gonadotropins GnRH + + – Stimulation Inhibition Increased vascularization of the skin Accessory reproductive organs enlarge Stimulates endometrium of uterus to thicken Increased deposition of adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks Estrogens inhibit oversecretion of gonadotropins Release into bloodstream FSH, LH (gonadotropins) Pituitary gland Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

61. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

63. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Days Days Menstruation Menstruation Proliferative phase Secretory phase 1 LH Estrogens Estrogens Progesterone Progesterone Follicular phase Luteal phase Ovulation Ovarian events Thickness of endometrium FSH FSH LH Ovarian activity Uterine activity 7 1 3 5 9 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 21 28 1 3 7 14 Plasma hormonal concentration Plasma hormonal concentration Developing follicle Mature follicle Early corpus luteum Regressive corpus luteum Corpus albicans 11

65. 22.3 CLINICAL APPLICATION Female Infertility

70. 22.4 CLINICAL APPLICATION Treating Breast Cancer

77. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a,b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer; c: © Photolink/Getty Images; d: © Don Farrall/Getty Images; e: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

81. SURGICAL METHODS Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ovary Uterus Cervix V agina Path of sperm Path of egg Scrotum (a) (b) Cut and ligated uterine tubes Cut and ligated ductus (vas) deferens

84. PAGE 868 Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Urinary System Respiratory System Digestive System L ymphatic System Cardiovascular System Skin sensory receptors play a role in sexual pleasure. Blood pressure is necessary for the normal function of erectile tissue in the male and female. Special mechanisms inhibit the female immune system from attacking sperm as foreign invaders. Bones can be a temporary source of calcium during lactation. Proper nutrition is essential for the formation of normal gametes. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles all play a role in reproductive processes and sexual activity . Breathing provides oxygen that assists in the production of ATP needed for egg and sperm development. The nervous system plays a major role in sexual activity and sexual pleasure. Male urinary and reproductive systems share common structures. Kidneys help compensate for fluid loss from the reproductive systems. Hormones control the production of eggs in the female and sperm in the male. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.