This document provides an overview of various energy sources and consumption trends. It discusses: - Classification of energy resources based on different factors like usability, availability, and origin. - India's sector-wise energy consumption in 2008, with industry accounting for 49% and transportation 22%. - Global consumption trends in 2005, with oil accounting for 38% and coal 25% of primary energy resources. - Per capita energy consumption in different countries from Canada to India ranging from 17,179 kWh to 631 kWh. - Advantages and disadvantages of both conventional and non-conventional energy sources. - Growth of India's energy sector through its 5-year plans from 1980-

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Presents by,
A.S.VAGH
M.Tech, B.E. Mechanical, PGDIM
E-mail Id: asvagh@india.com
Introduction To
“Energy Sources”
Energy :: Discussion
• Any physical activity in this world, whether
carried out by human beings or by nature, is
caused due to…
• Energy is …
• Atmospheric Forms of energy …
• 1st Law of thermodynamics…
• Example..
• Modes of energy transformation..

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Classification of Energy Resources
1. Based on Usability of Energy
2. Based on Traditional Use
3. Based on Long-term Availability
4. Based on Commercial Application
5. Based on origin
Sector Wise Energy Consumption :
India
Industry
49%
Trnasport
22%
Residential
10%
Agriculture
5%
Others
14%
2008 Data

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Consumption Trend Of Primary
Energy Resources of the World
Coal
25%
Renewable
8%
Nuclear
6%
Gas
23%
Oil
38%
2005 Data
Biomass – 4%
Solar heat – 0.5%
Geothermal – 0.2%
Solar PV – 0.05%
Hydro – 3%
Wind – 0.3%
Biofuel – 0.2%
India - Estimated Fuel Mix by
2020 (%)
25
16
8
5
16
30 Coal
Oil
Gas
Renewable
Nuclear
Traditional
Source : World Energy Statistics, 2009

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Per Capita Energy Consumption in
Some Countries (kWh)
17179
13338
8076
6206
1379
631
Canada
USA
Japan
UK
China
India
Importance of Non-conventional Energy
Sources
• Because of rapid industrialization & population
growth, conventional sources will not sufficient to
meet growing demand.
• Conventional sources are non-renewable & bound to
finish up 1-day.
• Conventional sources cause pollution
• Large hydro resources affect wildlife, cause
deforestation and pose various social problem.
• Safety of nuclear plant is controversial.

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Energy Chain
• The sequence of energy transformations between
primary and secondary (usable energy) is known as..
Primary energy
resources
Non-electric route
Electric route
Final energy
consumption
Common Forms of Energy
1. Mechanical
2. Electrical
3. Thermal
4. Chemical

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Advantages of Conventional Energy
Sources
• Cost:
• Cheaper than non-conventional sources.
• Rs 1.90 per kWh from Gas, Rs 1.65 per kWh from Coal,
Rs 3.0 per kWh from Diesel, Re 1.0 per kWh from
Hydro, Rs 1.20 per kWh from Nuclear.
• High energy yield ratio
• Security:
• Storage is easy
• Convenience:
• Very convenient to use as technology for there conversion
& their use is universally available.
Advantages of Non - Conventional
Energy Sources
• Available in nature free of cost
• Produce no or very little pollution.
• Thus it is environment freely.
• Inexhaustible

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Disadvantages of Non - Conventional
Energy Sources
• Dilute form
• High cost of harnessing
• Availability is uncertain; depends on
various natural phenomenon.
• Difficulty in transporting
Conventional Sources : Fossil Fuel : 2006
Region
Fossil fuel reserve (percent)
Oil Coal Gas Sum
North America 0.86 18.20 0.75 19.81
South America 1.61 1.39 0.64 3.64
Europe 0.21 4.28 0.54 5.03
Africa 1.71 3.64 1.39 6.75
Russia 1.93 16.27 5.57 23.77
Middle East 10.81 0.00 7.07 17.88
India 0.11 6.64 0.11 6.85
China 0.21 8.14 0.21 8.57
Australia & East Asia 0.21 6.42 1.07 7.71
Total 17.67 64.99 17.34 100.00

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Conventional Sources : Hydro
• Generation of electricity from
• Huge capital Investment
• Global installed generating capacity is about
7,78,038 MW, which accounts for about 20% of
the world’s total installed electric power
generation capacity & 3% of the world’s primary
energy supply.
Conventional Sources : Nuclear
• Least cost, low emission technology
• Complete fission of one kg of uranium contains
the energy equivalent to 3100 tons of coal or
1700 tons of oil.
• The total amount of uranium and thorium in the
earth's crust, to a depth of 5 kilometers, is
estimated approximately 1012 tonnes.

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Non-Conventional Sources : Solar
• Major source of power.
• Utilized by using thermal & photovoltaic
conversion system.
• Solar PV power is an expensive source of power.
• At present capital cost of solar PV system is Rs
200 per W (Rs 20 crore/MW as against Rs 4
crore/MW for coal fired thermal plant)
Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar

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Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar
“Garvi Gujarat”
Chief Minister of the western
Indian state of Gujarat
Narendra Modi movements as
he poses at the initiation of a
solar farm in the village of
Gunthawada, Banaskantha
district, some 175kms. from
Ahmedabad on October 14,
2011. Modi initiated the 30MW
solar farm - said to be Asia's
largest - which has been set up
by Moser Baer Clean Energy.

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Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar
Recent News Paper Cuttings: Solar

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Non-Conventional Sources : Wind
• Most economical over all renewable sources.
• Installation cost : Rs 4 crore/MW
• Wind power installations worldwide have crossed
94,100 (at the end of 2007), which is about 1% of
world’s electric power generation capacity.
• Germany is the world leader in wind power with
an installed capacity of 22,247 MW.
Non-Conventional Sources : Wind
COPYRIGHT 2009 INDIAN WIND TURBINE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

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Non-Conventional Sources : Biomass
• Energy resources available from animal and vegetation are
called..
• The principal biomass resources are:
• Trees (wood, leaves & forest industry waste)
• Cultivated plants grown for energy
• Urban waste (municipal & Industrial waste)
• Rural waste (Agriculture & animal waste, crop residue, etc.)
• Biomass material transformed by chemical & biological process
to produce bio fuels such as biogas (methane), producer gas,
ethanol.
• Most of biogas plants are in china.
Non-Conventional Sources : Geothermal
• relating to the heat in the interior of the
earth.
• Globally use of geothermal power is
growing annually at a rate of about 3%
electrical & 7.5% thermal.

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Non-Conventional Sources : Ocean Tidal
• Form of hydro power that convert ocean tides
into electricity or other forms of power.
• Diff of high tide and low tide
• Tides are more predictable than wind and
solar power.
• First & biggest, 240 MW power plant built in
1966 in France.
Non-Conventional Sources : Ocean Wave
• Refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and
the capture of that energy to do useful work.
• Waves are caused by transfer of energy from
surface winds to the sea.
• The rate of energy transfer depends upon the wind
speed &the distance over which it interact with
water.
• The energy flux in waves is more than that available
from solar, wind and other renewable sources.
• World’s first 2250MW- Portugal

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Non - Conventional Sources : Ocean
Thermal Energy
• Conceived by a French physicist d’arsonval
in 1881 and verified by one of his student.
• Small design finalized.
• Still in its infant stage.
Growth of Energy Sector & Its planning in
India
By the end of 5–year plan
Demand
(MW)
Installed capacity
(MW)
Shortage (MW)
6th (1980-85) 52,000 47,000 5000
7th (1985-90) 75,000 65,000 10,000
8th (1990-92, 92-97) 1,05,000 85,000 20,000
9th (1997-2002) 1,32,000 1,10,000 22,000
10th (2002-07) 1,46,000 1,24,569 21,431
11th (2007-12) 2,05,000
Energy planning during the past few 5-year plans
Growth in per capita energy consumption
Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 2004 2006 2012
Per capita annual
energy
consumption
(kWh)
16 35 84 131 238 408 592 631 1000

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