pengajian malaysia bab 1

MPW1133
CHAPTER 1
MALAYSIAN STUDIES
THE EARLY HISTORY OF MALAYSIA
SCHOOL OF GENERAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION
PREPARED BY:
SITI AISHAH BT AHMAD

of 110
TOPIC
CHAPTER 1: The Early History of Malaysia
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Describe the political growth of Malacca Sultanate and
the climax of its existence.
Identify factors that contributed to the strength and
cause of the downfall of the Malacca Sultanate.
Learn from the colonization period: Portuguese, Dutch,
British, and Japanese.

of 110
TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Malacca Sultanate -
1.1.1 The Arrival Of Parameswara in Malacca
1.1.2 Two Theories Regarding Malacca’s Name
1.1.3 The Golden Age Of Malacca
1.1.4 Political And Administrative System
1.1.5 The Fall Of the Malacca Sultanate
1.2 The Beginning Of Colonization
1.2.1 Portuguese Colonization Era
1.2.2 Dutch Colonization Era
1.2.3 British Colonization Era
1.2.4 The Japanese Occupation
Topic Outlines

of 110
TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
1. Malacca rose from a humble fishing village to become a major center of
the spice trade forming a vital link between the East and the West.
Melaka (Malacca) is rich with history and resources.
2. In fact, the earliest written records of the country made reference to the
Malacca Peninsula, instead of the Malay Peninsula or Malaya.
3. The location was strategic for trading and people were so
accommodating.
4. The administration flourished and they easily influenced, embraced and
apply the Islamic Religion.

of 110
TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
The location was strategic for trading and people were appreciably polite.

of 110
TOPIC
So, What do
you think about
this place?
AWESOME!!!!
1.1 Malacca Sultanate

of 110
TOPIC
Video 1
Video 1: Anak Kecil Main Api

of 110
TOPIC
PalembangWhy? TemasikWhy? MuarWhy? BertamWhy?
1.1.1 The Arrival of Parameswara

of 110
TOPIC
• Melaka was founded in 1400 by
PARAMESWARA, a prince who descended
from Sailendra.
•Tom Pires in his book “Suma Oriental”, has
suggested that Parameswara fled
Palembang which was attacked by Majapahits
when Palembang declared its independence
from the declining Majapahit.
1

of 110
TOPIC
In Singapore, Parameswara had
killed Temagi, the representative of
the Kingdom of Ayuthia, Siam.
Five years later, Parameswara was
forced to flee from Singapore when
Ayuthia attacked him to avenge the
killing of its representative
2

of 110
TOPIC
In Muar, Parameswara attempted
to build a base, but abandoned the
project because the place was not
suitable.
There is an opinion stated that
Muar had a lot of monitor lizards
that had a tendency to destroy the
new empire. Besides, he could not
see any activities that ensured his
new territory would be flourished.
3

of 110
TOPIC
Finally he found a new territory
which was suitable to build a
settlement.
Bertam was actually named after a
river where Parameswara stopped
to take a rest before continuing his
journey.
The surrounding were calm, he
could see people doing barter
trading - laymen and merchants.
4

of 110
TOPIC
Hunting Trip
Arabic Word
‘Malakat’ or
‘Mulakat’
“Market”
Hindu Sanscript
‘Amalaka’
MELAKA
1.1.2 Theories Regarding Malacca’s Name

of 110
TOPIC
During the hunting trip, an unusual thing
happened when a mouse-deer kicked
Parameswara’s hunting dog.
Seeing the bravery of the mouse-deer,
he decided to stay and establish his
base there.
He named the place “Melaka” after the
name of the tree he was leaning against.
1.1.2 Theories Regarding Malacca’s Name
Hunting Trip

of 110
TOPIC
Video 2
Video 2 : The Arrival of Parameswara

of 110
TOPIC
1.1.3 The Golden Age of Malacca
Factors
contributing to
Malacca’s
Development
Social
PoliticalGeographical

of 110
TOPIC
Political
NEXT
China was a major power during the
15th Century and expanding its
political power and influence in South
China Sea regions.
China used to send its admiral Yin
Ching and Cheng Ho to Melaka to
reinforce China’s recognition of
Melaka. Melaka accepted their
friendship.
Threats from Siam and Majapahit
were kept at bay.

of 110
TOPIC
Political
CLOSE
BACK
In 1414, with the coming of Muslim
traders / missionaries from Arab,
Parameswara wisely embraced Islam
and changed his name to Sultan
Mahkota Iskandar Syah. Since then,
the term Raja also changed to
Sultan.(zul-illahi-fil-alam)
His marriage to a princess from Pasai
strengthened his relationship with
Pasai.

of 110
TOPIC
Social
•Parameswara’s success as a ruler of Malacca is
contributed by his charisma with his people.
• He had inherited the attributes of sovereignty
from the rulers of the Malay-Palembang or Sri
Vijaya empire. Besides this, other factors included
the presence of the Malay nobility who had been
with him since he was ruler of Palembang, and the
support of the Orang Laut (Orang Selat)
throughout his reign in Palembang and Singapore
until the early period of his settlement in Malacca.
• All these factors formed the basis that
contributed towards the creation of a state with an
orderly administrative and political system.
CLOSE

of 110
TOPIC
Geographical
The kingdom conveniently controlled the
global trade vital point; the narrow straits
that today bears its name, Strait of
Malacca.
The port city had become the centre of
regional trade; it attracted most of the
traders from in the archipelago; traders
from Sumatra, port of Sunda, Java and
Bugis are reported to frequent the port. It
was also due to geographic location of
Malacca that gave the port city strategic
advantage.
NEXT

of 110
TOPIC
Geographical
The monsoon wind that blow to northwest
during dry season conveniently brought
trade vessels sailing from Southern
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Mollucas and
eastern parts of the archipelago to
Malacca; in wet season (October to March)
the wind blow from mainland Asia to
southeast, conveniently brought trade
vessels sailing from ports in Northern
Sumatra, India, Siam, Cambodia, Vietnam
and China to converge in Malacca.
The Malaccan Empire had turned from a
maritime empire into an entrepot empire.
BACK
CLOSE

of 110
TOPIC
Geographical
The monsoon wind that blow to northwest
during dry season conveniently brought
trade vessels sailing from Southern
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Mollucas and
eastern parts of the archipelago to
Malacca; in wet season (October to March)
the wind blow from mainland Asia to
southeast, conveniently brought trade
vessels sailing from ports in Northern
Sumatra, India, Siam, Cambodia, Vietnam
and China to converge in Malacca.
The Malaccan Empire had turned from a
maritime empire into an entrepot empire.
BACK
CLOSE
An entrepôt is a trading post where
merchandise can be imported and exported
without paying import
duties often at a profit.
CLOSE

of 110
TOPIC
Try to answer
this simple
question
Let’s have a break !
ACTIVITY 1

of 110
TOPIC
Mulakat
Mualakat
Answer the question.
Test Your Knowledge
ACTIVITY 1
What is the Hindu Sanskrit word for Melaka?
Amalaka

of 110
TOPIC
WATCH VIDEO
Do you know
who is this
legendary
figure? He was a
very popular
warrior during
the reign of
Sultan Mansur
Syah
Video 3 : Mentera Semerah Padi

of 110
TOPIC
Hang Tuah

of 110
TOPIC
1.1.4 The Political and Administration System
The
Sultan
of Malacca
Bendahara
Penghulu
Bendahari Temenggung Laksamana
• Leader of the country
• Head of religion
• Leader of laws
• The Advisor of The King
• Principal Minister
• Controlled the Military
• The Judge, Royal Customs and
Traditions
• The Police (enforcement)
• Admiral
• Act as the minister of
Army. Police
• Head of Malay Custom
• The Treasurer cum
Secretary to the King
Click each position for
further explanation.

of 110
TOPIC
Islam spread in the Malay Archipelago in 15th Century. There are few factors that
contributed to the emergence of Islam in this region:
Nature of Islam:
fair, tolerance, and
rational
Spreading of Islam
by Syeikh Abdul
Aziz from Mecca
Muslim Traders

of 110
TOPIC
Nature of Islam:
rational
Spreading of Islam
by Syeikh Abdul
Aziz from Mecca
Muslim Traders
•A lot of muslim traders from China (Ming
Dinasty), Arabs and India came to Malacca
during this century.
• The Arabs took the opportunity to spread this
religion by accepting the invitation from Sultan
into his palace.
• Parameswara accepted the friendship with
China in order to strengthen economic and
diplomatic power.

of 110
TOPIC
Nature of Islam:
rational
Spreading of Islam
by Syeikh Abdul
Aziz from Mecca
Muslim Traders
•Islam is a fair and tolerant religion that
emphasizes on good relations with Allah,
Human Beings and the Environment.
• This has been shown by Arab traders and
as a symbol of the victory of Islam after the
defeat of the Europeans in Battle Of
Crusaders in 11th century.

of 110
TOPIC
Nature of Islam:
rational
Spreading of Islam
by Syeikh Abdul
Aziz from Mecca
Muslim Traders
•The person who was responsible was
Syed Syeikh Abdul Aziz.
• He taught Sultan and his ministers about
Islam and Al-Quran in the Palace.
•Other Muslim traders spread the teaching
to the Malays.

of 110
TOPIC
Parameswara
(Died in 1414)
Muhammad
Iskandar
Syah (Died in
1424)
Muzaffar
Syah
(Died in1456)
Alauddin
Riayat Syah
(Died in 1488)
Mansur Syah
(Died in 1477)
Mahmud
Syah
(Died in 1528)
Ahmad Syah
Sri Maharaja
(Died in1444)
Raja Ahmad
(First Sultan
of Pahang)
Raja
Muhammad
(2nd Sultan
of Pahang)

of 110
TOPIC
LAWS
Malacca Code of Law Malacca Law of the Sea
•The Malacca Law was considered the earliest Malay Law. The law was
taken as a base for other law sources such as in Pahang, 99 Perak, Johor
and Kedah’s law.
• The Malacca Law was compiled during the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Syah
1612.
• It was used as reference especially in international relation,
administration and social life including religious activities.
• It was divided into two:

of 110
TOPIC
1.1.5 The Fall Of Melaka Sultanate

of 110
TOPIC
Two Factors that
contributed to
the dispute and
the emergence
of European
Colonization
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL

of 110
TOPIC
After the demise of
Bendahara Tun Perak, the
Melacca Government did
not have a good successor.
Bendahara Tun Mutahir had
a weak administrative
system and it led to the
misuse of power.
Sultan Mahmud also was a weak
leader and he did not care about
the administration.
Bribery and slander spread. This was reflected in
the murder of Bendahara Tun Mutahir and Tun Ali
instructed by Sultan Mahmud because of slander
by Kitu and Raja Mandaliar, both from India.
The increase in
taxes led to traders
changing their view
about Malacca and
look for another
ports to do business
transaction. This
created separation
among people.
It became more critical when
the Portuguese came twice
and Alfonso D’Albuquerque
attacked Malacca before it fell
to the hand of Portuguese in
1511.
Click each image for further
explanation

of 110
TOPIC
- The Cape of Good Hope was founded by Bartholomeu Dias (~Bartholomew Diaz ) in
1488 hastened the
journey of European to Malacca.
- At the same time Malacca was having some problems that give the opportunity to
Portuguese to extend their power.

of 110
TOPIC
First rounding of the cape in 1488 by
Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias
was a milestone in the attempts by the
Portuguese to establish direct trade
relations with the Far East – Tanah
Melayu

of 110
TOPIC
1.2.The Beginning of Colonization
PORTUGUESE (1511 – 1641)
DUTCH (1641-1824) BRITISH (1824-1941)

of 110
TOPIC
1.2 The Beginning of Colonization
The Arrival of Portuguese Colonization
• Colonial occupation in this country
began when the Portuguese conquered
Malacca in 1511.
• The fall of Malacca brought home the
fact that disunity, disloyalty, struggle for
power and influence and administration
inefficiency rendered the country weak
and helpless
1.2.1 Portuguese Colonization
• After the demise of Tun Perak, Melaka was ruled by, an administrative system
which is weak. Sultan Mahmud Syah who relied on the Bendahara Tun Mutahir
who is weak, old and biased.
• Traders from Gujerat India heard that Portuguese will return and attack Malacca
once again in revenge due to the imprisonment of their viceroy.
• The army was trained and they got encouragement from the King of Portuguese,
King Manoel I,

of 110
TOPIC

of 110
TOPIC
The Invasion of Portuguese on 15th Century

of 110
TOPIC
Implications
of Those
Factors
Portuguese
1511
Dutch
1641
Sultan
Mahmud
Syah moved
to the South,
Johor

of 110
TOPIC
The King Of Portugal
King Manoel 1
Viceroy In Goa
Afonso de Albuquerque
Captain Of The Malacca Fort
Military Affairs
Civil & Financial
Administration Council
Local Administration
Council

of 110
TOPIC
•The Portuguese mercantile policy displayed an element of materialism unlike that
practiced by Malacca Sultanate.
a) Ships using Melaka Straits had to pay tax between 6-10% of their total
cargo.
b) Traders require trading permits before carry our business
c) Those who did not follow the regulation, their goods confiscated or ships
will be burnt.
d) Traders must sell their goods to Portuguese will lower price.
• This resulted to the turn over of the traders from Arabs, China, India, Java,
Japan etc from Melaka.
• At the same time Melaka security was threatened by Johor and Acheh.
• Malacca port and the Portuguese position became unstable.
• This situation led to the fall of Portuguese at the hand of Dutch

of 110
TOPIC
During the reign of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah, the Portuguese came to Malacca for
some reasons such as Gold, Glory and Gospel (3G)
Monopoly of the
spice business.
The arrival of Vasco da
Gama and Lopez de
Sequeira
The spread of the
Christian religion
Encouragement from the
Portugal King
REASONS
FOR THEIR
ARRIVAL

of 110
TOPIC
The Effects of the
Portuguese
Colonization in
Malacca
Eurasian
Community
Dance &
Song
Portuguese
Words
A Famosa &
St. Paul
Church

of 110
TOPIC
Fig. 19:
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22

of 110
TOPIC
WATCH THIS

of 110
TOPIC
BAHASA MELAYU BAHASA PORTUGIS
Almari Almario
Bendera Bandera
Mentega Mantaga
Garfu Garfo
Meja Mesa

of 110
TOPIC

of 110
TOPIC
•The Dutch had treaties with the Johor
Sultans to get rid of the Portuguese.
•On 14 January 1641, the Dutch took
possession of the fortress of Malacca,
with the help of their ally the Sultan of
Johor. At that time Johor was under
Sultan Abdul Jalil, the successor of
Sultan Ahmad Shah.
•Initially, the Dutch were grateful to
Johor for helping them.
•In 1639, they signed a Treaty with
Johor which granted the nobles of
Johor, free access to trade in Malacca
as a sign of friendship.

of 110
TOPIC
Verenidge Ost Indische
Compagnie
Malacca was important for the
VOC’s strategies, as the city was
situated on the main trade route
to the Far East (Spices islands,
China and Japan) and was a
formidable strategic outpost.

of 110
TOPIC
Reasons
for their
Arrival
Tin & Spice
Trade
To Get rid
of the
Portuguese
Figure 24 Figure 25
Just like Portuguese, Dutch also wanted to expand their empire throughout the world and
demolished their rival.

of 110
TOPIC
•In 1782 ,the Johor- Holland friendship was established after the defeat of the
Portuguese in Malacca. It was severely tested by commercial rivalry between the
two parties.
•To prevent British occupation, the Dutch attacked Riau, on 29 October 1784, the
Bugis were defeated. The resulting treaty ended Johor's independence, and a
Dutch fort was established at Tanjung Pinang (Riau).
•The Sultan’s disenchantment was intensified when the Dutch sent a Resident to
Riau.
•Consequently, in 1787 Johor launched a military attack on the Dutch settlement
in Riau.
•The Dutch, however, recaptured Riau in the same year.

of 110
TOPIC

of 110
TOPIC
The treaty signed by Sultan Muhammad
Jiwa with Francis Light in Jan 20, 1785.
The Pangkor Treaty 1874
•Britain Colonization started with the
Pangkor treaty 1874.
• Francis Light established the military
base in Penang 1785 where it was part of
the territory of Kedah. Sultan Muhammad
Jiwa offered British to open up their
settlement to allay the threat of Siam and
Burma.
• The purpose of the agreements was to
safeguard Kedah commercial and political
interests with Siam and Selangor.
However Francis Light went against it and
accept the condition without approval from
East India Company authority.
Figure 25

of 110
TOPIC
The treaty signed by Sultan Muhammad
Jiwa with Francis Lights in Jan 20, 1785.
The Pangkor Treaty 1874
•The East India Company’s came to
Kedah but Sultan Abdullah ordered them
to leave Penang. This became tense
when British refuse to leave.
• British imposed annual payment of
$6000 pesos as compensation.
• While British look for another base in
Singapore and placed Stamford Raffles
there.
•Based on the agreement between Raffles
and Sultan Husein, British undertook to
protect Sultan Husein, the Sultan of Johor
by paying him annual compensation of
$3000 pesos
Figure 25

of 110
TOPIC
Types of
Intervention
DirectIndirect
This is how British intervene the system administration in Malacca
after they signed the treaty with Malay rulers

of 110
TOPIC
Although various excuses
were put forward to justify
the British intervention but
it is very obvious that they
aimed to conquer the
economic sector
as the country is rich with
its resources.
Imperialism
Foreign Intervention
Humanity Factor
Economic Factor
Chaos in Malaya
Sir Andrew Clarke

of 110
TOPIC
British Residents
Perak (1874):
J.W.W. Birch
Selangor (1874):
J.G. Davidson
Sungai Ujung
(1874): Capt. W.
Tatham
Pahang (1888):
J.P. Rodger
Negeri Sembilan
(1895): Martin
Lister
Figure 23 Figure 26Figure 25Figure 24

of 110
TOPIC
Impacts of the
Resident
System
Economy
Social
Politics

of 110
TOPIC
No Title States
1. The Straits Settlements
(1826)
Penang, Singapore & Malacca
2. Federated Malay States
(1896) via Federal Treaty
Selangor, Perak, Pahang & Negeri
Sembilan
3. Non-federated Malay States
(1909-1919) via Bangkok
Treaty
Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, Perlis &
Johor
Three Types Of States Under British Colonization

of 110
TOPIC
a. Non Federated Malay States (Blue)
b. Federated Malay States (Yellow)
c. The Straits Settlements (Red)

of 110
TOPIC
Federal Malay States’
System
Federal Executive
Council
Click each tab above to find out.

of 110
TOPIC
Increase Federal Income Inter state cooperation
Full authority for
Resident General
Head of department in
Kuala Lumpur had more
authority
Sharing of expert servicesMalay Rulers authority became
less
Foreign
investment, mining
and rubber
increased
Law
standardisation
EFFECTS OF THE
FORMATION OF
FEDERAL TREATY
1896

of 110
TOPIC
Video 3

of 110
TOPIC
Reasons
Distribution
of Central
Power
Dissatisfaction
among the
Rulers
Minimize
Expenses
One System of
Administration
Struggle for
Power

of 110
TOPIC
Figure 28
1.2.4 Japanese Occupation

of 110
TOPIC
This is how Japanese army came to Malaya.
West Coast East Coast
Jitra (12/12/1941)
Alor Setar (13/12/1941)
Pulau Pinang (17/12/1941)
Ipoh (26/12/1941)
Kuala Lumpur (11/1/1942)
Kota Bharu (8/12/1941)
Kuantan (31/12/1941)
Johor Bahru (31/1/1942)
Singapura (15/2/1942)
Japanese Army landed in
Thailand (Singgora & Pattani)
Mersing (28/1/1942)

of 110
TOPIC
Video 41.2.4 Japanese Occupation

of 110
TOPIC
Japan occupied our country for three and a
half year (15 February 1942-15 August
1945)
The whole of Malaya and Singapore were
conquered within70 days with attacks from
the east and west.
Japan’s main aim was to form The East
Asian Administration in which Japan
promised to give independence to countries
in South East Asia.

of 110
TOPIC
Japanese Route to
Malaya From Thailand

of 110
TOPIC
POSTER SLOGAN
Using the Jawi’s writing “ ASIA UNTUK ORANG ASIA”
Post it Everywhere “SEMANGAT ORANG ASIA”
“Kawasan Kesemakmuran
Bersama Asia Timur Raya”
The Strategies used by Japanese Army in order to get support from Malay people.
They started by spreading the propaganda that Malay people will be saved if they let
Asian people rule the country.
Japanese army spread the message via poster and slogan that is written in Jawi. It
succeeded when Malay people accepted their good intention. Hoping that Malaya
will be free from Western Colonization.

of 110
TOPIC
H
O
W
T
H
E
Y
P
E
N
E
T
R
A
T
E
?

of 110
TOPIC
British were not
prepared
Delayed Military
from London & India
Advantages of
Japanese Army
Japan’s Preparation
Lack of Strategy

of 110
TOPIC
Malay: Malay
Baru,
Singapore:
Syonan
Military
Government
Ran by Japanese
General Located
in Singapore
Malaya
Consisted of 7
Districts
Sultan as the
Head of
Religion &
Customs
Kedah, Perlis,
Kelantan,
Terengganu were
annexed to
Thailand
State Advisory
Council was
introduced

of 110
TOPIC
• Worsened the
relationship
among the
Races
Social
• Economic
activities
were
disrupted
Economy • Instilled
Political
awareness
Politics

of 110
TOPIC
Video 6

of 110
TOPIC
The British
Officer was
monitoring
the white
and black
area from
being
penetrated
by
Communist
Figure 31

of 110
TOPIC
Malayan Communist Party (Malayan
Communist Party) or CPM for short,
was an organization founded in Malaya
in 1930. Society was against the
invading British, who then ruled Malaya.
With the arrival of the Japanese, the
MCP formed the Malayan People's
Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) to fight
them.
MPAJA initially collaborated with the
British to fight against the Japanese
occupation based on agreements
made at the December 8, 1940. They
took the opportunity revenge anyone
who was considered collaborating with
the Japanese .

of 110
TOPIC
Through MPAJA, aid, training,
finance, logistics and medical
supplies were obtained from the
British . Within three years of military
force MPAJA estimated at 7,000 and
it was not surprising an emergency
occurred. The British and the
security forces had to deal with the
difficulty of eliminating a group of
soldiers trained to fight.
The purpose of the CPM was to drive
the British out of Malaya and set up a
Communist Republic. During
Japanese rule MCP establish MPAJA
against Japan. MPAJA received
support from the Chinese

of 110
TOPIC
After the Japanese surrendered, the Communist Party took the opportunity to
power through the guerrillas MPAJA and through organizations such as the Min
Yuen , MRL and so on.
Violence, riots and fights between the races took place in Malaya, especially in the
southern part of Malaya. As a result, the Malays began to react against the cruel
communist BINTANG TIGA as a team led by Chief Salleh red sash. British troops
returned to the administration (BMA) in a short period of time causing the
communist BINTANG TIGA unable to expand their influence.
BINTANG TIGA consequences at failing to seize the communists of Malaya with
an armed movement, led to the dissolution of the military agreement MPAJA and
placement of a firearm while token payments to the guerrillas were implemented.

of 110
TOPIC
Bintang
Tiga
Movement
The
Briggs
Plan
The
Templer
Plan
The
Baling
Treaty
Declaration
of
Emergency

of 110
TOPIC

of 110
TOPIC
ACTIVITY
‘This is not the end. It is not even the Beginning of the end.
But it is, perhaps the end of the beginning’’-
- Winston Churchill-
How would you relate the above quote with the Portuguese, British and
Japanese colonization in your own point?
This activity will be conducted in the classroom

of 110
TOPIC
SUMMARY
Malacca Empire began with Parameswara. It was a successful period.
Malacca then got attacked and colonised by the Portuguese in 1511.
Malaya was then invaded by the Dutch, British and Japanese.
Malaya Communist Party was formed to drive out the British and Japanese.
The British came back to stabilise Malaya by dissolving MCP with
surrendering of firearm.

of 110
TOPIC
NEXT SESSION PREVIEW

of 110
TOPIC
LIST OF REFERENCE
No Reference
1. “Sejarah Malaysia”, Mahdi Shuid, Suzaini Osman, Sazlina Othman,
Pearson Longman, 2006.
2. “Kenegaraan Malaysia”, Ruslan Zainuddin, Mohd Mahadee Ismail,
Zaini Othman, Oxford Fajar, ed.2, 2010.
3. “ Pengajian Malaysia”, Cosmopoint International University College,
2002.
4. “ Malaysian Studies”, Mahdi Shuid &Mohd Fauzi Yunus, Pearson
Education Malaysia Sdn Bhd, 2001.

of 110
TOPIC
APPENDIX 1
Figure Source
Figure 1 http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=malaysia
Figure 2 http://www.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp. blogspot.com
Figure 3 http://solarstreak.com/pmr/peta.jpg
Figure 4 http://iwantaufik.blogdetik.com/wp-
content/blogs.dir/49063/files/sunda/600px-majapahit-map.jpg
Figure 5 http://www.travelific.my/travelstry_full.php?sid=460
Figure 6 http://www.tourmalaysia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/maritime-
museum-3D-panorama-x3.jpg
Figure 7 http://www.sea-seek.com/pilot_guide/?geo=2881
Figure 8 http://www.hamihalil.blogspot.com
Figure 9 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xATls0B1XuU
Figure 10 http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=Hang+Tuah
Figure 11 http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=portuguese+empire+to+melaka
Figure 12 http://www.mapquest.com

of 110
TOPIC
APPENDIX 2
Figure Source
Figure 10 http://www.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thepirateking.co
m/images/bios_dias_bartolomew.jpg&imgrefurl
Figure 11 http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=king+manuel+1&um
Figure 12 http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=alfonso+de+albuquerque&um=1
&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org
Figure 13 http://mynisa0607.blogspot.com/2007/11/tinggalan-sejarah-
pemerintah-asing-di.html
Figure 14 http://www.flickr.com/photos/rocklandphoto/4085344417/
Figure 15 http://csc208-malacca.blogspot.com/
Figure 16 http://cobraeite.blogspot.com/2008/11/sejarah-aku-di-melaka.html
Figure 17 http://www.visittanjungpinang.com/ina/sejahahkota-home.php
Figure 18 http://blog.sunan-
ampel.ac.id/members/wigati/activity/?afilter=blogs&acpage=25

of 110
TOPIC
APPENDIX 3
Figure Source
Figure 19 http://www.clubtarang.com/sltarrang-home.htm
Figure 20 http://sejarah2u.blogspot.com/2009/02/perang-tiga-segi.html
Figure 21 http://christopherleebeardsley.blogspot.com/
Figure 22 http://adanaberkat-
petuaideadanpandangan.blogspot.com/2011/08/merdeka-yang-
dibunuh-digantung.html
Figure 23 http://resam-melayu.com/2010/01/rentetan-dari-perjanjian-pangkor-
dan-pembunuhan-jww-birch.html
Figure 24 http://www.facebook.com/people/Jg-Davidson/100002547960464
Figure 25 http://sukosenseimalaysia.blogspot.com/
Figure 26 http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/cofk/oxfordresources
Figure 27 http://petikanbuku.blogspot.com/2009/05/ambil-kembali-tanah-melayu-
yang-dijajah.html

of 110
TOPIC
APPENDIX 4
Figure Source
Figure 28 http://blog-misteri.blogspot.com/2008/08/diganggu-roh-tentera-
jepun.html
Figure 29 http://geopractice.blogsome.com/2010/01/20/jepun-serang-malaya/
Figure 30 http://aimiazhar1.blogspot.com/2010/10/pemerintahan-tentera-
jepun.html
Figure 31 http://kamalmustafa.com/kamal-info-tahukah-anda-bahawa.html
Figure 32 http://pejuangmelaka.blogspot.com/2011/08/sejarah-bukit-kepong.html
Figure 33 http://rdclub.activeboard.com/t34535560/kejamnya-komunis-di-tanah-
melayumalaysia-parti-komunis-malay/
Figure 34 http://pemudaumnojasin.blogspot.com/2010/08/edisi-al-iqra-buku-
untuk-dibaca.html

pengajian malaysia bab 1

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (11)

Similar to pengajian malaysia bab 1

Similar to pengajian malaysia bab 1 (7)

More from asia green

More from asia green (12)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

pengajian malaysia bab 1

Editor's Notes