Chapter 1 History and Politics.pptx

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CHAPTER ONE: HISTORY AND POLITICS
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Matapelajaran Pengajian Umum (MPU)
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MALAY KINGDOMS
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THE MALAY
KINGDOMS
The Johor
Kingdom
The Melaka Malay
government
Other
kingdoms
Perak, Pahang, Negeri
Sembilan, Selangor,
Terengganu, Kedah and
Kelantan

THE MELAKA SULTANATE
Founding of the Melaka Sultanate
1. The Malay Melaka Sultanate is the oldest Malay Sultanate in the history
of Malaysia. While other kingdoms such as the Old Kedah empire and
Perak empire existed during the pre-Islamic era, they were not widely
studied because of the lack of records and archeological evidence.
2. Apart from Malaya, the islands of South-East Asia saw the rise of a few
other great empires that pre-date Melaka, such as Funan, Srivijaya and
Majapahit. The Melaka Malay Sultanate is of Srivijayan heritage and was
centered in Palembang, South-east Sumatra. This empire was in existence
between the seventh century and 13th century .
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3. The Srivijaya empire was a maritime empire and had traded with
India, West Asia, China and rural areas within its own borders. This
empire was the hub for the spread of Hindu-Buddhism, as well as the
centre for teaching Sanskrit and other ancient languages.
4. In 1391, Srivijaya was attacked by Majapahit (another empire in
Java). This forced a Palembang prince named Parameswara and his
followers to retreat to Temasik (now known as Singapore). At that time,
Temasik had its own political system, under the patronage of the
Ayudhya empire from Siam. The local ruler was Sang Aji Singapore.
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5. After defeating the rulers of the island, Parameswara took control of
Temasik. In 1398, Ayudhya made a counter-attack on Temasik to retake
it.
6. This forced Parameswara and his followers to retreat yet again to the
Malay Peninsula. His Royal Highness first set-up camp in Muar, then in
Sening Hujung (Sungai Ujong, Negeri Sembilan), Bertam (Sungai
Melaka), and in 1400, finally settled in Melaka
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7. Fishing villages had already existed when Parameswara arrived
Melaka.
8. Parameswara named the area Melaka after a ‘Melaka’ tree. An
alternative theory as to how Parameswara came up with the name
Melaka is that it was from an Arabic word ‘Malaqat’ which meant ‘place
of shelter’ which symbolizes what the place was to Parameswara and his
followers. Under the leadership of Parameswara and his descendants,
Melaka expanded and became one of the most famous trading centres in
the 15th century
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Political Development in Melaka during the early years
1. Parameswara developed the infrastructure in Melaka which included
the harbour that enabled Melaka to become a global trade centre.
However, at about time, China was an even greater trading nation
and power. In Parameswara’s view, Melaka would benefit from
paying homage to the Emperor of China.
2. Melaka was fortunate in this respect because in 1403, the Chinese
sent an envoy name Yin Ching who brought gifts for Parameswara.
This was proof that China acknowledged Melaka’s growing status as
an important port of call for traders from all over the world.
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3. The Chinese Emperor Yung Lo from the Ming Dynasty got word of
Melaka through emissaries and traders who came from the Middle east,
such as Saudi Arabia and Persia.
4. In 1405, emissaries from Melaka escorted Yin Ching back to China.
The sovereignty of Melaka was officially acknowledged and
Parameswara was crowned the Sultan.
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5. In 1409, Admiral Cheng Ho from China brought Parameswara several
royal regalia along with royal inscriptions to the court as gifts. Melaka
was the first empire in Asia to receive such an honour.
6. The good relations with China gave Melaka a chance to enhance its
prestige and status. Such important close ties with China also meant that
Melaka was under its protection. This deterred attacks from Siam and
Majapahit.
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Ruling System of the Melaka Kingdom
1. The highest position in early Melaka administrative system was the
king or ‘Yang di-Pertuan’. When the members of the Melaka
kingdom converted to Islam, the ruler was then called ‘Sultan’ or
‘Shah’.
2. Many scholars agree that Sultan Iskandar Shah was the first ruler of
Melaka to embrace Islam. The ruling system was known as ‘absolute
monarchy’, which meant that the status and rights of the kings could
not be questioned.
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3. Melaka became well-known for its system of government that had a clear-
cut administrative protocol and a well-organized structure
4. The Sultan was assisted by a powerful hierarchy of court officials with
different ranks, status and functions. This system was known as the ‘Fourfold
Dignitary System’.
# the main officials are the Bendahara, Penghulu Bendahari,
Temenggung and Laksamana.
5. Bendahara: He is the main minister and the position is similar to that of
the present-day Prime Minister of Malaysia. He plays the role of an advisor to
the king. He must be of royal blood and must have close ties to the king. He
could act as regent in the absence of the king and has a role in choosing the
next king.
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6. Penghulu Bendahari: He is the treasurer of the government and
controls the finances of the country. He is also tasked with the collection
of taxes and state revenues. He also keeps the records of the loyal slaves
and is the head of all port masters.
7. Temenggung: He is the executor or head of legal matters, state laws
and security. He is also known as the head of the police. Therefore, he
also functions as a prosecutor if someone was found to have committed
a crime. In the matters of customs and traditions, he acts as the head of
protocol.
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8. Laksamana: This post is relatively new compared to the other posts.
The first historical figure to have held this position was Hang Tuah,
during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah. The Laksamana is also a
warrior during times of war, especially at sea. Also known as ‘Raja
Laut’ and the leader of all kingdom’s warriors. Role as a diplomat and to
escort the royal envoys
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LAKSAMANA HANG TUAH

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KERIS TAMING SARI

9. The whole empire was divided into four categories, namely:
(a) Kota Melaka
(b) Vassal territories (areas under the responsibility of certain
ministers who rule and collect taxes from these regions)
(c) Conquered territories
(d) Colonized territories (were given autonomy and were required
to pay a certain amount in taxes.)
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Factors that Contributed to the Golden Age of Melaka
1. Geographical factor: Located in the middle of the international
oceanic trade routes. Were between the Indian subcontinent and China.
# Two main monsoon winds beneficial to seafaring boats meet:
the north-eastern monsoon that blew from November to March and
south-western monsoon blew from April to October.
2. Economic factors: With the advantage in location (being in the
middle of trade routes), Melaka had an abundance of luxury items from
other nations. Like spices, rotan, wood and textiles.
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3. Political and administrative factors: China provided protection to
Melaka. Melaka also had a comprehensive military structure from
Orang Laut and government leaders
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The Fall of Melaka
1. Internal factors
Weak in the defense sector: The shortage of warriors like Hang Tuah and
Tun Hamzah.
Lack of Unity amongst the people: For example, Sultan Mahmud’s group
and Sultan Ahmad’s group, who did not agree on matters started forming
separate factions.
 Behaviour of the officials: Officials were often unjust and imposed
unreasonable taxes on the traders, that cause angers amongst the traders.
Those traders started looking for other ports like in Acheh, Bentan, Pattani
and Brunei to continue their business and trading activities.
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2. External Factors
Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa: European
explorers discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
 This caused the Western Powers to be interested in trading sites in
the East. Portuguese sailors also were encouraged to do so by the
Portuguese King, Prince Henry.
 The Portuguese had plans to control the Melaka port to
monopolize the spice trade, restrict trade by Muslims traders and
to spread Christianity.
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Portuguese assault/ attack on Melaka: The Portuguese attacked
Melaka in 1509 and 1511.
during this period, Melaka did not have a well- organized defence
and had trouble coping with invaders’ modern and advanced
weaponry.
In 1511, Melaka fell to the Portuguese, headed by Alfonso de
Albuquerque.
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THE JOHOR SULTANATE
1. Melaka failed to repel the Portuguese that marked the end of their
golden age.
2. Alfonso de Albuquerque along with his 19 warships and 1,400 men,
succeeded in capturing Melaka on 24 July 1511.
3. So, Sultan Ahmad Shah and his father Sultan Mahmud Shah and
their followers went to the south. Sultan Mahmud Shah stayed in
Batu Hampar, while Sultan Ahmad Shah built a fort in Pagoh. Both
of them tried to retake Melaka.
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4. But, they were defeated by the Portuguese. Then, they retreated to
Pahang. After a few years in Pahang, they moved to Bentan.
5. But, the Portuguese attacked Bentan several times (1521, 1523, and
1524). Sultan Mahmud retreated to Kampar and ruled Kampar. He died
in 1528 in Kampar.
6. Sultan Mahmud’s son, Raja Ali (later titled as Sultan Alaudin Riayat
Shah) ruled Kampar. While the other son of Sultan Mahmud, Raja
Muzaffar, went to Perak and became the first Sultan of Perak.
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7. Sultan Alaudin Riayat Shah later moved to Pahang and married with
the princess of Pahang. Later, moved to Johor to start a new settlement
in Hujung Tanah. He was known as Sultan of Johor.
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The Johor Administration up to 1718.
1. The government inherited many of its systems and forms of
governance from Melaka.
2. The Sultan was being assisted by Bendahara, Temenggung, Raja
Indera Bongsu (Penghulu Bendahari ), Laksamana and Shahbandar.
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Trade in Johore
1. Johor only started to become an important trade centre in the mid
17th century.
2. Johor became a major power under the leadership of Sultan Abdul
Jalil Shah III. Johor also expanded its borders and added many
territories and became the premier trading centre in the archipelago
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Factors:
Strategic location
Wide rivers
Warehouse and market facilities
External merchandise
The role of Orang Laut (they patrolled the sea and secure the trading
activities)
Relations with the Dutch (Johor had protection from the Dutch)
Entrepot Port (As an entrepot port, Johor handled trade from all over
the world)
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THE FORMATION OF SULTANATE IN
OTHER STATES
1.Perak: Raja Muzaffar, the son of Sultan Mahmud became the first Sultan of
Perak.
2. Pahang: The foundation of the Pahang Sultanate was closely linked to
Melaka Sultanate. During Sultan Mansur’s reign in Melaka, his son, Raja
Muhammad killed Bendahara’s son, Tun Besar, in the game of sepak raga. The
ball hit Tun Besar’s forehead accidentally. It caused Raja Muhammad to be
exiled to Pahang by Sultan Mansur. He became the first Sultan of Pahang, Sultan
Muhammad Shah.
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3.Negeri Sembilan: Its name was derived from the nine small states namely
Sungai Ujong, Naning, Rembau, Jelebu, Johol, Klang, Jelai, Ulu Pahang and
Segamat. Later, Klang was given to Selangor. Jelai and Ulu Pahang were given
to Pahang and Segamat was given to Johor. Until 16th century, Negeri
Sembilan was a colonial territory of Johor. They freed from Johor in 17th
century. At the end of that century, the ministers invited Minangkabau kings to
rule their state. Raja Pagar Ruyong were invited to be the ruler in 18th century
because they wanted to overcome the influence of Bugis in Malay Peninsula.
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4.Selangor: In 15th century, Selangor was under Melaka’s rule. After
the fall of Melaka, Selangor became the colonial territory to Johor until
18th century. In May 1745, Daeng Chelak, one of the five Bugis
Brothers who settled in and had great influence in Johor in the 18th
century died. He left 2 sons, Raja Haji and Raja Lumu. Raja Lumu was
crowned as the first Sultan Selangor in 1766 and were called as Sultan
Sallehuddin Riayat Shah.
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5. Terengganu: Tun Zainal Abidin Ibn Tun Habib Abdul Majid, a
descendent of Bendahara’s family from Johor, was the founder of
Terengganu Sultanate in the 18th century. He was crowned in 1708 and
it can be proved with the discovery of golden coins with his name on it.
6. Kedah: Is the oldest state in Malay Peninsula. Thus it has different
scenario of its early administration’s history. Hikayat Merong
Mahawangsa claimed that the first ruler of Kedah was the roman king
named Raja Merong Mahawangsa. The seventh king of this dynasty
named Raja Phra Ong Mahawangsa was the first Kedah King who
embraced Islam and bore titled of Sultan Muzaffar Shah
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7. Kelantan: Was ruled at first by Jembal Dynasty, before being ruled
by the Long Yunus Dynasty. According to classical texts, such as
Hikayat Seri Kelantan and Riwayat Kelantan, the state was once being
ruled by female rulers, like Puteri Saadong and Cik Siti Wan Kembang.
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MALAY PENINSULA

COLONIAL ERA
1. From 1511 until the time when Malaya achieved independence on
31st August 1957, historical show that the country was occupied by
foreign power for 446 years.
2. It started with;
 Portuguese (1511-1641)
 Dutch (1641-1824)
 Japanese (1941-1945)
 British (1824-1957)
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PORTUGUESE OCCUPATION
1. When the Portuguese succeeded in conquering Melaka, this signaled
the beginning of the end of the Golden Age of the Melaka Sultanate
2. This was because, in reality, the Portuguese only succeeded in taking
the city and port of Melaka
3. Sultan Mahmud and his son Raja Ahmad retreated and eventually
continued the Malay Sultanate in other states (Johor and Perak)
4. On the whole, the Portuguese occupied Melaka for 130 years, from
1511 to 1641
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5. Alfonso de Albuquerque was responsible for building the ‘A Famosa
Fort’ which protected Melaka from many attacks, particularly those of
Sultan Mahmud who repeatedly attempted to retake Melaka from the
Portuguese
6. The Portuguese practiced a form of military administration
# the head of this administration was called the Captain of Melaka Fort
(also known as Southern Governor) who appointed by the King of
Portugal to serve for 3 to 4 years
7. In 1641, the Portuguese were finally defeated by local forces from
Johor, with the help of the Dutch/Holland
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During its rule, the
Portuguese
implemented
several trade
administrative
systems:
1. Trading vessels
were required to pay
to a mandatory tax
of 6-10% of their
total income
2. Every
trader had to
have a trading
pass to be
allowed to
trade at the
port
3. The Portuguese
monopolized the
main trade items,
buying them at
low prices, but
selling them at
highly inflated
price
4. The Muslim
traders were
discriminated
against

DUTCH OCCUPATION
1. In 1559, the first Dutch expedition reached the Malay Archipelago.
2. Thus, more Dutch expeditions became interested in the Malay
Archipelago with the intention to obtain spices, nutmegs and cloves
3. The successful nature of the trade encouraged Dutch traders to form
the United East Indies Company, on 20 March 1602
4. The main behind the formation of the United East Indies Company
was to control the spice trade in the Malay Archipelago and to
monopolize the tin trade
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5. To achieve this, the Dutch were eager to remove the Portuguese who
were actively trading in the region
6. In 1619, the Dutch succeeded in taking control of Batavia, in the
island of Java
7. Batavia was then made into a trading port as an alternative port for
traders all over the world
8. This eventually caused the decline in popularity of the Portuguese
port in Melaka
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9. The Dutch repeatedly launched attacks on Melaka to ensure that the
Portuguese presence in South-East Asia would be wiped out completely
10. They also wanted to destroy the Melaka Port and attract foreign
traders to Batavia
11. In 1641, the Dutch, with the help of the Johor government, finally
succeeded in driving out the Portuguese from Melaka
12. The lesson to be learnt here is that Johor never did get any benefits
from the Dutch in terms of monetary reimbursement or land
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13. The Johor Sultanate only gained revenge on the Portuguese who
took over their ancestral lands in Melaka
14. Johor also emerged as a trading port that could compete with the
Dutch in Batavia
15. Whilst occupying Melaka, the Dutch were said to have accumulated
500 thousand pounds of tin from the Malay States (Melaka, Perak and
Selangor) during the 17th-18th century
16. The tin trade flourished during this era
17. Chinese traders wanted tin from the Malay Peninsula as it was easier
to get tin here, compared to the West
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BRITISH OCCUPATION
1. British traders made their appearance in the Malay Archipelago as
early as the 17th century
2. However, they disappeared when British pulled out of the Ambon
Islands in 1675
3. Even in the second decade of the 18th century, their numbers were
dwindling/decreasing
4. Around the 1730s, more and more British traders returned to the
Malay States as a result of the expansion of trade activities in South-
East Asia at that time
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5. In Selangor, Sultan Ibrahim was one of the first who had trade
relations with the British traders, even though British ships had already
arrived during his father’s reign (in 1761, 4 ships from the British
Empire arrived in Selangor)
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BRITISH INTERVENTION IN
MALAY STATES
1.On the whole, the British intervention in the Malay States was the result of
the following factors:
a) Economic Incentives
 The British wanted to monopolized trade in Malay States, particularly of
tin. They were successful because the Malay States were in conflict
 The industrial revolution in the middle of the 19th century in Europe
started the production of canned food. All more, this prompted the
British Empire to desire monopoly of the tin trade
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b) Political factors
 In the early 19th century, Britain was still strongly influenced by liberal
policies and laissez-faire trade. i.e overseas policies
 Besides British, other western powers, such as the Dutch in Indonesia, the
French in Indo-China, Italians, Russians, and Germans, were also
expending their territories
 Without British political control and intervention in the local
administration, other parties would easily enter the market through
friendship and good relations with the Malay Sultans
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THE RESIDENT SYSTEM
1. The Resident System became the strategy used by the British to assume
complete control over the Malay States
2. With the implementation of the Resident System, the British now had
complete control over the Malay States in all aspects, especially
administration and economy, without bearing the costs and responsibilities
involved
3. This was also the case in the Straits Settlements
4. Through the Resident System, the British ruled through existing political
institutions which even retained their names
5. Residents also hoped to use these institutions and gradually change them
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6. When examined, the Resident system had three objectives, each beneficial to
British
7. These objectives were to maintain peace through legal provisions, create
organized civil administration and tax collection systems, and exploit the natural
resources of the Malay States
8. However, the Resident system itself was not systematic. British officers who
became Residents did not have the proper guidelines to achieve the
aforementioned objectives
9. The Resident needed to be smart, cunning and discrete (separate) without
expecting too much help from the British government
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10. The British government also wanted to make sure that the system
was not a liability to them
11. Therefore, when the appointments of these Residents were
announced, it was always made clear that the allowances and salary of
these Residents would be paid fully by the Malay States
12. The Resident system was not unified from the start and the
Residents had to make decisions using their own discretion (carefulness)
13. At first, difficulty in communicating with the Governors of the Strait
Settlements and problems unique to each state led to the Residents given
full power over how to handle the administration of the state
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14. Residents were expected to maintain peace, collect taxes and develop the
state’s natural resources without being told how to do so
15. It naturally followed that the Residents became the ‘true’ rulers of the states
16. They met the Governor up to seven times a year, and often consulted the
Governor on matters without seeking the views of the Sultan and the local
ministers first
17. The Residents were seen as restricting the rights of the local ministers to
collect taxes
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18. The Residents also postponed state council meetings
19. The Governor of the Straits Settlement could not control the power
of these Residents due to lack of communication
20. With him being based in Singapore, the Governor lacked
information to make proper decisions
21. To make matters worse, he himself was not interested in the affairs
of the Malay States
22. The Residents who were all powerful did not work well with the
Sultans and the local ministers
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23. In Perak, anger towards the Resident culminated in the murder of
the first Perak Resident, J.W.W. Birch, in 1875
24. This was caused by the Residents not having proper guidelines,
acting on their own accord, for their own interests
25. To regain the support of the local community, the British in Perak
introduced the State Council
27. This council consisted of Rajas, Residents, Malay ministers and
Chinese representatives. The formation of this council successfully
restored the situation in Perak. The British soon introduced it in other
states
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EFFECTS OF THE RESIDENT SYSTEM
1) Development of the state economy
 the states that were in the system started to develop as a result of the
active investment in the tin industries, as well as in coffee and rubber
plantations
 as more and more labourers came to work in these modern economic
sectors, the settlements started developing and expanding, eventually
becoming cities
 however, there were often inconsistencies in the distribution of wealth
between states and territories or areas within the state itself
 natural resources and economic produce were monopolized by Western
investors, while the locals were left far behind
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2) Change of political influence
 in the traditional administrative systems, the states were under the
power of the Sultan
 with the appointment of British Residents, Sultans no longer had
absolute power, and ministers lost the major roles they played
before
 the formation of the State Council involved more factions in state
affairs, but it did restore peace to many areas
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3) Social development
 social development came in the form of infrastructure such as
road and rail systems, health centres, water and electrical supply,
post and telegraph facilities and others
 however, such developments were confined to city centres and
areas with potential for economic activity
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THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS
1. When the British successfully occupied the Malay Peninsular
and started settlements in Singapore, Penang and Malacca, they
unified all these states under one administration, called the
Straits Settlement (SS)
2. The SS was founded in 1826 and was placed under the
administration of the SS residency
3. Penang became the first administrative centre for the SS
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THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES (FMS)
1. In 1895, the resident system was implemented in Perak,
Selangor, Pahang, and Negeri Sembilan.
2. Through the Federal Territorial Agreement, the British
formed the FMS to unite the four states on 1 July 1896
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THE UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES
(UFMS)
1. The UFMS was formed in 1909 when the British and Siam
signed the Bangkok Agreement.
2. According to this agreement, the four states which were
previously under the protection of Siam, namely Perlis, Kedah,
Kelantan and Terengganu, were handed over to the British
3. The Malay Sultans in the UFMS had more authority as the
British advisors were not as powerful as the Residents in the
FMS.
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DECENTRALIZATION (1920-1941)
1. The decentralization plan was proposed by the British High
Commissioner in the Malay Peninsular.
2. On the whole, the decentralization plan was still a move by the
British to control the economy of the Malay peninsular
3. It was strategy to make it easier for the British to control the Malay
states.
4. However, the decentralization plan was interrupted in 1941 when the
Malay Peninsular was occupied by the Japanese
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THE LOCAL COMMUNITY REACTION
TO BRITISH OCCUPATION
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District/State Freedom Fighters/Local figures
Naning Dol Said
Perak Dato’ Maharajalela, Dato’ Sagor
Pahang Dato’ Bahaman, Mat Kilau, Tok
Gajah
Kelantan Tok Janggut
Sarawak Rentap, Sharif Masahor, Abdul
Ghapur, Banting, Asun
Sabah Mat Salleh, Antanum

THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
1. From 1932, the military slowly took control of Japanese
politics. In 1937, Japan invaded China
2. Japan then allied itself with the Axis forces (Germany and Italy)
in the WWII to fight the Allied forces (Britain and America)
3. On the 8 December 1941, the Japanese attacked the Malay
peninsular. The whole of the Malay peninsular and Singapore
were captured by the Japanese in the middle of February 1942
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FACTORS THAT ENABLED THE
JAPANESE TO EASILY SUCCEED WERE:
1. The British were unprepared
2. The delay in military aid from London and India
3. The Japanese attacked through sea routes and not by air as
expected by the British
4. Proper preparations by the Japanese army
5. Japanese soldier were well trained, experienced, had high
morale and used combat tactics that suited the terrain
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EFFECT OF THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
1. Social effects
 Subjugation of the Chinese people
 Recruitment of labour to build the Death Railway that connected
Thailand and Burma
 The country faced a shortage of rice
 The local also faced health problem
 The Japanese treated the Chinese poorly while they treated the
Malays better
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DEATH RAILWAY

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DEATH RAILWAY: NOW

2. Economic Effects
 The Malay Peninsular underwent economic depression
 The tin and rubber trade went into a decline
 Many necessities were hard to obtain namely textiles and
medical supplies
 ‘Banana leaf’ currency
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3. Political effects
 Brought political awareness, ‘Asia for asians’
 The Malays were given many chances to experience
being in administrative post
 The local were now aware of the weaknesses in British
rule
 Gave birth to the spirit of nationalism amongst the local.
i.e Chinese (MCP)
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THE MALAY PENINSULAR AFTER THE
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
1. The Japanese army retreated from the Malay Peninsular on 15 August 1945
when they were defeated by the Allies; and as a result of America dropping
atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2. When Japan surrendered, the British took 14 days to return to the Malay
Peninsular.
3. During this period, the MCP tried to take control of the Malay Peninsular
4. In September 1945, the British returned to the Malay Peninsular and tried to
control the situation by waging war on the communist.
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THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE
WHAT IS NATIONALISM?
 The term “nationalism” is generally used to describe two
phenomena:
 the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care
about their national identity, and
 the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to
achieve (or sustain) self-determination.
Miscevic, Nenad, "Nationalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
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INTRODUCTION
1. The fight for independence spread throughout the country as a result
of the rise in nationalism; influenced by religious, social, economic
and political factors
2. This struggle for independence intensified when the British
introduced the Malayan Union.
3. It also caused the formation of many political parties after the WWII
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MALAY NATIONALISM
1.The rise of nationalism in the Malay community evolved in a series of stages
2.These stages were:
a) the Religious stage (1906-1926),
b) Social & economic stage (1926-1938)
c) the political stage (1936 onwards)
3.These stages show that Malay nationalism was influenced and led by the
following three main groups: Those who received Islamic education, Malay
education & English education
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RELIGIOUS STAGE
 Malay nationalism at the religious stage was influenced by the
Islamic Reformation Movement in the middle east, especially in
Turkey and Egypt i.e ‘Renewal of Islam’
 This belief influenced the Malay student in Cairo. They were led
by Sheikh Tahir Jalaluddin & Syed Ahmad al-Hadi
 Called their group ‘Kaum Muda’ (Young ones)
 Magazines: Al-Imam, Al-Ikhwan and Saudara
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AL-IKHWAN

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AL-IMAM

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STAGE
 At this stage, the fight for independence was more secular.
 More emphasis was given to the socio-economic status of the
Malays
 Started by a small number of elite Malays who had English
education and Malay who receive Malay education, especially
from Sultan Idris Teacher’s College
 Kesatuan Melayu Singapura (Singapore Malays Union),
Persaudaraan Sahabat Pena (PASPAM/Friends of the Fraternity of
the Pen)
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POLITICAL STAGE
1. Struggles which were politically motivated appeared in the Malay
community as a result of pressure from other races and the power
transfer issue in the 1920s.
2. Political parties were formed and the majority championed the
concept of ‘Malaya for the Malays’.
3. Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM/Young Malays Union) fought for the
independence of Malaya and unification with Indonesia to form
‘Melayu Raya’ (The Greater Indonesia).
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CHINESE NATIONALISM
 Nationalism amongst the Chinese in Malaya has existed for a
long time ago
 However their struggles were more focused on the politics of
China as they still considered China as their homeland
 The Chinese community in Malaya founded the Malayan
Communist Party (MCP) (1937-38), the MCP started a series
of strikes which led to the arrest and deportation of several of
its leaders.
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INDIAN NATIONALISM
1. Before the WWII, Indian politics were focused on political strife in
India
2. Only after the WWII did the Indians focus their attention on local
politics
3. The Indian in Malaya was also influenced by the National
Movement in India, led by Mahatma Gandhi. i.e ‘satyagraha’ – non-
violent resistance against the British
4. Taiping Indian Association, Selangor Indian Association, Central
Indian Association of Malaya (CIAM)
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NATIONALISTIC IDEAS SPREAD THROUGH
NEWSPAPER AND MAGAZINES
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Newspaper Started by First Published Focus
Al-Imam Syed Syeikh Al-
Hadi in Singapore
22 July 1906 Al-Imam was said to be
responsible for delivering the
ideas of the Kaum Muda on
renewal, and advised the Malays
to improve themselves
Majlis Abdul Rahim Kajai
in Kuala Lumpur
17 December
1931
This newspaper was important in
giving rise to the spirit of
nationalism amongst the Malays
Utusan Melayu Abdul Rahim Kajai
in Singapore
November 1907-
1922 and from 29
May 1930
onwards
This publication was considered
the symbol of Malay unity as
most of its articles were about
preserving Malay rights and
opposing the colonist

ORGANISED MOVEMENT AGAINST THE
COLONIAL POWER
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Organization Year Founded Member/Notable Figures Objective/Aims
Singapore Malays
Union (KMS)
1926 English Educated
1. Mohammad Eunos Abdullah
(Founder)
2. Tengku Abdul Kadir
3. Embok Suloh
To improve the socio-economic
status of the Malays, and arouse their
interest to become involved in
politics.
Kesatuan Melayu
Muda (KMM)
August 1938 Malay-educated people who had
radical ideologies (left wings)
1. Ibrahim Haji Muhammad
2. Abdul Karim Rashid
3. Isa Mohammad
4. Ahmad Boestaman
To fight for independence for Malaya
and form ‘Melayu Raya’ (Indonesia
Raya). It had strong anti-British
stance (Including those who had
English Education), and did not want
to co-operate with the British

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Organization Year
Founded
Member/Notable
Figures
Objective/Aims
Malayan
Communist
Party (MCP)
April 1930 Majority of them were
Chinese
1. Chin Peng
2. Rashid Maidin
3. C.D Abdullah
To form a communist
republic to oust the British
government. They ruled
Malaya for two weeks
after the Japanese left.

THE FORMATION OF MALAYAN UNION
1. The British returned after the Japanese surrendered and left
Malaya. The British then introduced a new administrative
system, known as the Malayan Union.
2. The plan was approved by the British Parliament on 10
October 1945
3. On 12 October 1945, Sir Harold Mac Michael was
appointed as the British representative and was assigned to
procure the signatures of consent from nine Malay Sultan
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4.The MU was officially approved in January 1946
5.The main conditions for formation of the MU were:
 All Malay states including Malacca & Penang were to be unified under British
Governor administration
 Singapore removed from the federation’s administration. Singapore will be
administered as one entity
 The sovereignty and power of the Malay Sultans were abolished
 Jus Soli citizenship: Chinese and Indians immigrants will get citizenship easily
 State Commissioner led state administration
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OPPOSITION TOWARDS THE MU
`1. The Malays opposed the MU for the following reason:
 The abolishment of the Sultan’s sovereignty and power
 The granting of citizenship according to Jus Soli principle
 The MU was formed in London without involvement of the
Malay leaders
 Harold MacMichael used force and intimidation while asking for
signatures from the Malay Sultans
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2.Although met with an assortment/ many of resistance, on 1st April
1946 the MU came into existence, with Sir Edward Gent as the first
governor.
3.Due to overwhelming opposition, Sir Edward Gent was forced to
negotiate with the Malay Sultan and Dato’Onn Jaafar.
4. Finally, the MU was abolished and replaced with a new
administration namely the Federated States of Malaya
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THE FEDERATED STATES OF MALAYA
1. After the MU was abolished, the British formed a
committee to draft a new constitution for Malaya (Four
Malay Sultans, two representatives from UMNO, and six
British officers)
2. The committee’s report was opposed by the All-Malaya
Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Rakyat
(PUTERA), and suggested their people’s constitution.
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3. AMCJA + PUTERA held civil disobedience strikes, and as
a result the British realized the importance of the non-malay.
4. On 21 February 1948, the Federated States of Malaya
came into existence.
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APPEARANCE OF MAIN POLITICAL PARTIES
AFTER THE WWII
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Party name Year founded Leaders/Figures Main agendas
United Malays
National
Organization
(UMNO)
11 May 1946 1. Dato’Onn Jaafar
2. Tunku Abdul
Rahman
•To oppose the MU
•To unite the Malay and defend
the special rights of the Malays
The Malayan
Indian Congress
(MIC)
8 August 1946 1. John A. Thivy
2. Tun Sambanthan
•To protect the political,
economic, and social interests of
the Indian
The Malayan
Chinese
Association
(MCA)
27 Feb 1949 1. Leong Yew Kow
2. Tun Tan Cheng Lock
•To protect rights of the chinese
•To maintain harmony amongst
the various races in the country

THE ALLIANCE PARTY
1. In the 1952, Malayan General Elections in Kuala Lumpur,
the leaders of the Selangor UMNO and the Kuala Lumpur
MCA decided to work together and form a multiracial
political party namely the Alliance (Perikatan)
2. Later in 1954, the MIC also decided to join the Alliance
3. In the 1955, General Election Alliance party won 51 out 52
seats and led to fresh negotiations for independence for
Malaya.
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OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES
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Party name Year founded Leaders/Figure
s
Main agendas
Independence of
Malayan Party
(IMP)
16 September
1951
1. Dato’ Onn
Jaafar
•Cooperation between races
Hizbul Muslimin
(HM) / Muslim
People's Party of
Malaya
NA 1. Ustaz Abu
Bakar al-
Baqir
•Intention of forming an
Islamic country
•Fighting for independence
Pan-Malayan
Islamic Party
(PAS)
24 November
1951
1. Hj Ahmad
Fuad bin
Hassan
•To put Islam as the Official
Religion
•To put BM as the National
Language

INDEPENDENCE NEGOTIATIONS
1. The Alliance Party’s victory in the 1955 General Election
paved the way to self-government.
2. In January 1956, Tunku Abdul Rahman led an entourage to
London to negotiate for independence
3. As a result, London Agreement was signed on 8 February
1956 and the Federated States of Malaya would be given
independence on 31 August 1957
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FORMATION OF MALAYSIA
INTRODUCTION
1. Malaya gain its independence on 31 August 1957
2. Today this country is better known as Malaysia, covering
Sabah and Sarawak that originally were yet to be
independent on 31 August 1957
3. A more complex regional alliance was created six years
later, forming a country called Malaysia which remain until
today
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THE BACKGROUND OF THE
1. The idea of the formation of Malaysia was ignited on 27 May
1961 by Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya at the
Adelphi Hotel in Singapore
2. The idea was to form a new country comprised Malaya,
Singapore, Sabah & Sarawak
3. This proposal also supported by British, David Marshall (Chief
Minister of Singapore), Ghazali Shafie (Malayan Foreign
Minister), Tan Cheng Lock (MCA President), Lee Kwan Yew
(Singapore's Prime Minister)
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THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE
1. The Threat and Influence of the Communist
2. Granting independence to Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and
Singapore
3. The sharing of economic benefits
4. Defending the Native Communities in Sabah and Sarawak
5. Preserving the rights of the Bumiputras in all the regions
involved
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THE REACTION OF SARAWAK
1. Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS) led by Temenggung Jugah,
Sarawak United People’s party (SUPP) led by Ong Kee Hui
and Sarawak National Party (SNAP) led by Stephen Kalong
Ningkan opposed the formation of Malaysia
2. The only party that went along with the idea of Malaysia
was Parti Rakyat Jati Sarawak (BERJASA)
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THE REACTION OF
NORTH BORNEO (SABAH)
1. United National Kadazan Organization (UNKO) led by Donald
Stephen and PASOK MOMOGUN led by G.S Sundang
opposed the formation of Malaysia.
2. Both of these parties had even started to fight for the
independence of Sabah
3. The only party supported Tunku Abdul Rahman’s plan was the
United Sabah National Organization (USNO) led by Tun Datu
Mustapha Datu Harun
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THE REACTION OF BRUNEI
1. Personally speaking, the Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Omar Ali
Saifuddin, agreed to the plan of the formation.
2. Most of the Bruneians at the initial stage had very interested to join
the affiliation.
3. But the very influential party, Brunei People’s Party under the
leadership of A. M. Azahari was more interested in combining the
North Borneo States involving Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak to form
the government of North Kalimantan
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THE REACTION OF SINGAPORE
1. In general, the residents of Singapore were interested in
the concept of the Federation of Malaysia.
2. Lee Kuan Yew, People’s Action Party (PAP) leader, had
responded well to Tunku Abdul Rahman’s plan
3. However, United People’s Party (UPP) opposed to the
proposal of Malaysia because they felt that Tunku’s plan
was a British government ploy to sustain its influence
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THE REACTIONS OF INDONESIA
1. At the beginning of the announcement made by Tunku
Abdul Rahman, Indonesia stated that it had no problems
towards the establishment of Malaysia
2. the Foreign Minister of Indonesia, Dr Subandrio, openly
stated in the New York Times (13 November 1961) that
Indonesia had no objections and in fact, prayed that the
government of the Federation of Malaya succeeded in its
plan.
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3. But a few months later, Indonesia protested and condemned the
formation and even supported the actions taken by the Brunei People’s
Party that had voiced out their protests on 8 December 1962
4. They loudly voiced out their protests on 20 January 1963
5. President Sukarno declared his policy of confrontation towards the
formation of Malaysia with the slogan ‘Crush Malaysia’ or ‘Ganyang
Malaysia’
6. On 11 February 1963, Dr Subandrio held another press conference in
his home and officially announced the opposition of the government of
Indonesia towards the formation of Malaysia
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7. But two days later, the President claimed that the Federation of Malaysia
was being formed to make sure that the British domination upon rubber, tin
ore and oil in the regions involved continued to last
8. The diplomatic relations between the Federation of Malaya and Indonesia
were badly affected
9. Researchers claim that there were several factors that contributed to this
opposition.
First, Sukarno felt Tunku Abdul Rahman had turned his back against his
largest neighbor when Tunku made the announcement without first consulting
him (Sukarno)
Second, the formation of Malaysia was believed to have failed to Sukarno’s
plans to set up the empire of Indonesia Raya
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10. The confrontation spread by Indonesia came to such a pitch that the
involvement of the military was imminent
 The Indonesian Army had acted by attacking the territories bordering
Sabah and Sarawak
 An army was even sent to the west coast of Johore on the purpose of
spying
 A few measures had taken by the Federation of Malaya and the British
government to overcome the dispute; for example, the establishment of
MAPHILINDO.
 Although Malaysia was still on the way to being formed, protests from
Indonesia continued to prevail even after Malaysia was established
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11. The protests from Indonesia ended in 1965 when Sukarno was
toppled and he was replaced by Suharto
12. In August 1966, the new Indonesian Foreign Minister, Adam Malik,
signed the peace agreement with Malaysian prominent figures and
ended the confrontation that had lasted three and a half years.
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THE REACTIONS OF PHILIPPINES
1. President Macapagal felt that Sabah was rightfully theirs
and demanded that the British government returned Sabah
to them
2. The demand was made following their claim that Sabah
used to be under the Sulu Sultanate
3. But the British government turned a deaf ear to their
demands
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4. The British government had even reminded the Philippines in a memorandum to the
Philippines’Ambassador in London dated 24 May 1962, that any demands that they
made towards Sabah either from the Philippines government or individuals would be
opposed by the British government
5. President Macapagal openly criticized the formation of Malaysia during the
Philippines’ Congress on 28 January 1963
6. This event soured the diplomatic relations between the Federation of Malaya and the
Philippines
7. Although the Philippines continued their demands even after Malaysia was set up, it
was all in vain due to the fact that studies clearly showed how the Sabahans themselves
had been willing to join in the formation of Malaysia
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THE ISSUE OF BRUNEI
1. Brunei changed its mind because several request that had
been made were not approved of and not abided by the
Federation of Malaya Government.
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There were 8
demands:
1. 10 parliamentary seats 2. Domination of all
oil revenues
3. Autonomy in financial
matters at the early stage
4. Sustaining all
its investments
5. Sustaining
low tax rates
6. Continuing education
and welfare programmes
7. Demanding that
Brunei’s security in
Malaysia be guaranteed
8. Requesting that the
Sultan of Brunei’s
domination in the Royal
Council start from the date
of his reign as a
sultan/king, and not from
the date Brunei had
entered Malaysia

2. A.M. Azhari, who was the leader of the Bruneians had also sent a memorandum to the
Brunei State Meeting Council to state a protest by the Brunei People’s Party
3. the British government was found to have delayed the discussion of the memorandum and
this provoked the anger of the Brunei People’s Party
4. at the peak of this opposition, the Brunei People’s Party started an armed riot on 8
December 1962 towards the Brunei Government itself so that it would decline participation
5. in the meantime, Indonesia had openly supported the actions taken by the Brunei People’s
Party and the party was also assisted by the Communist Party of Indonesia
6. This riot was successfully defeated by the Brunei government with the help of the British
government and Federation of Malaya.
7. However, this event resulted in making Tunku Abdul Rahman realize that Brunei’s entry
might bring a lot of political problems. Therefore, Brunei’s association into Malaysia was
cancelled
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THE ISSUE OF SINGAPORE
1. Before the formation of Malaysia, Lee Kuan Yew had affirmed that
although Singapore had agreed to join Malaysia, matters contained
in the affiliation must be determined together with the people of the
Singapore themselves
2. This affirmation was to ensure that its people would still obtain
comfort and convenience after the affiliation took place
3. On 23 August 1961, an official meeting was held between Singapore
and the Federation of Malaya and they came to an agreement on
several issues
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4.This agreement was stated in the White Paper and it related that
matters of defence, external relations and security would be the
responsibility of the Federation of Malaya, while education and labour
would come under the jurisdiction of the Singapore government itself
5. This matter was also within the domain of power of the Federation of
Malaya for the Malay states
6. The White Paper was declared officially in November 1961
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7. In addition, the number of representatives of Singapore that would be
entering the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) was also
decided, which was 15 people
8. After joining Malaysia for two years, however, the relationship
between Malaya and Singapore became strained
9. this was because when Singapore was still a part of Malaysia, a lot of
disputes and misunderstandings arose between the government of
Singapore and the Malayan government. Among the issues that garnered
heated debate were the economy, party and racism
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10. Where the economy was concerned, Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak
had been united in their zeal to enhance their industrial sectors and carry out
joint manufacturing
11. It was agreed that the items produced would be utilized internally and not
be exported to foreign countries
12. The profits would be shared among them
13. however, when Malaysia was formed, very little economic progress was
accomplished. This sorely disappointed Singapore
14. On the issues of party and racism, the PAP led by Lee Kuan Yew attempted
to compete with the Alliance Party under the leadership of Tunku Abdul
Rahman
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15. The PAP tried to instigate the Chinese that the MCA was not capable
of helping them progress and develop
16. A campaign carried out by the PAP was eventually regarded as an
invasion towards the special rights of the Malays
17. incidentally, the PAP was acting as if it had already forgotten the
sacrifices made by the Malays who were willing to share power with
non Malays
18. These progression of events also ignited a riot on 21 July 1964. the
situation worsened when Singapore fought for the equality of rights and
activated the campaign ‘Malaysia for Malaysians’, led by Lee Kuan
Yew
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19. To realize this dream, Singapore had formed the United Opposition
Front that strongly called for the concept of the equality of rights
20. Many efforts were made by Tunku Abdul Rahman to resolve these
issues, but he was unsuccessful
21. finally, in August 1965, Singapore made the decision to leave
Malaysia
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MALAYSIA

THE FORMATION OF THE MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT
SYSTEM
1. In the Malaysian context today, the segregation theory can be seen in
three main forms of the ruling powers
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THE POLITICS OF MALAYSIA
a) Executive Body
(Administration)
Carries out matters involving the
administration of the country
b) Legislative Body
(Law)
Formulates the drafting of laws
c) Judicial Body (Judgment) Executes and dispenses justice

2. In Malaysia, the Prime Minister as a member of the House of
Representatives is qualified to formulate a law together with other
ministers
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THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE
MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
The Royal
Council
The Judiciary
Body
The Legislative
Body
The
Administrative
Body

1.The RC is the official body with the most superior position
2.It is made up of the nine Sultans and the four state governors
3.Among the responsibilities carried out by the council are:
 Selecting the High Majesty (YDPA) and his deputy
 Approving or disapproving the customs of Islam for the whole Malaya,
except Sabah and Sarawak
 Agreeing or disagreeing to any law or offering advice on the
appointment of any position which requires the approval of the Royal
Council
 Giving their opinion on country policy and matters related to the
development of the country
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THE ROYAL COUNCIL

4.The RC is a special body which serves to preserve the special rights of the Malays.
5. Among the duties of the YDPA include:
 Advisory duties
 Discretionary (optional or flexible) duties (The YDPA can perform many
social duties)
 Being the highest ruler of the military
 Approving the draft of the laws (after the bill has been approved by the
Parliament, the YDPA will acknowledge it)
 Declaring an emergency when needed (If Malaysia is facing huge conflict,
YDPA will declare emergency. For example, 13 May 1969 tragedy, where
Malays and Chinese fought between each other in KL and Selangor. The
YDPA declared emergency)
 Giving amnesty (forgiveness)
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1. In Malaysia, the power of the executive is held by the
administration at the Federation level, the state government and
the local government
2. The executive power at the Federation Level:
3. All cabinet ministers must won by the majority in the election
4. The main duty of the cabinet is formulating and executing the
country’s highest policy
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THE EXECUTIVE BODY

5. This body is led by the Prime Minister and his other
ministers.
6. The Prime Minister is appointed by His Majesty, the
YDPA, whereas the other ministers are appointed by the
YDPA after being advised by the Prime Minister
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THE LEGISLATIVE BODY
AT THE FEDERATION LEVEL:
The Royal Majesty (YDPA)
The Royal Council
Parliament
Senate (Dewan
Negara)
House of
Representative
(Dewan Rakyat)

The Senate (Dewan Negara)
1. The membership of the Senate is shown in section 4, Chapter 4, Article 45 of the
constitution.
2. Through this allocation, the senate consists of 70 members of senators
3. A senator’s position lasts for three years and they cannot hold this position for
more than two terms
4. A senator must also be 30 years of age and above
5. They are among the representatives of several main fields in Malaysia.
6. For example, senators might come from business sector, trade sector, agriculture
sectors, political experts, entertainment sector.
7. They will read the bill (passed by the Dewan Rakyat) according to their expertise.
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DEWAN NEGARA

The House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
1. The House of Representatives is decided by the Constitution in
Section 4, Chapter 4, Article 46
2. In this allocation the House of Representatives has 222
members
3. The members of the House of Representatives must be 21 years
of age and above
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DEWAN RAKYAT

1. Among the functions of the Parliament are:
 To make, alter/abolish the law (legislative power)
 To impose new taxes, additional ones or abolish any
taxes
 To approve the nation’s budget for a specific year
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THE FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE
PARLIAMENT

1. After the British arrived, the original law underwent a lot of changes.
The English Laws came to be used widely, especially the Common Law
and the Equity Methods. Malaysian Law as it stands today is obtained
from five main sources, which are:
 The written law, which is made up of the Federation Constitution
and Legislation and the state
 The verdicts of the court
 The English Laws
 The Islamic Laws
 The Customary Laws
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THE JUDICIARY BODY

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CLASSIFICATION OF COURTS IN MALAYSIA
THE FEDERAL COURT
1. Superior Court Supreme Court, Appellate Court, High Court of
Malaya and Borneo
2. Lower Court Section Court, Juvenile Court, Magistrate Court
Class I and Class II, Minor demand Court,
Chieftain Court
3. Special Court Military Court, Industrial Court, Labour Court,
Special Royal Court, State Court

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STATE COURT
1. Shari’a Court
•Shari’a Appellate Court
•Shari’a High Court
2. Custom Court
(Sabah and Sarawak)
•District Custom Court
•Officer/Custom Head Court
•Chieftain Court

The Federation of Malaysia which included Malaya, Singapore, Sabah,
Sarawak and Brunei was finally established on 16 September 1963
without the inclusion of Brunei. Singapore on the other hand, left the
Federation of Malaysia two years after its formation. In retrospect, the
formation of Malaysia had indeed brought a lot of benefits to Malaya,
Sabah and Sarawak especially in economic terms.
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Summary

All lecturer notes are taken from;
• Andaya, B.W. and Andaya, L.Y. (1981), A History of Malaysia, Hong
Kong: Macmilla Asian Histories series.
• Chai Hon Chan. (1967). The development of British Malaya 1896-
1909, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
• Mardiana Nordin dan Hasnah Husin. (2014). Malaysian Studies.
Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar.
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REFERENCES

Chapter 1 History and Politics.pptx

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