Supercapacitors are energy storage devices with high capacitance and low internal resistance, allowing for faster charging and discharging than batteries. They store energy via electrostatic double layer capacitance between high surface area electrodes, such as activated carbon, and an electrolyte. Three main types exist - electrical double layer capacitors which store charge on electrode surfaces; pseudocapacitors which utilize fast redox reactions; and hybrid capacitors combining aspects of both. Supercapacitors find applications where high power delivery is needed, such as regenerative braking on trains. While having lower energy density than batteries, they have longer lifecycles and can charge much more rapidly.

1. SUPERCAPACITORS
Made By:
Amit Soni
Int. PhD NCU
S0626

2. Outline
Capacitor
Basic design and terminology
Supercapacitor
History of Supercapacitor
Classification of Supercapacitors
Electrical Double layer capacitors
Pseudocapacitor
Hybrid Capacitor
Basic Design
Construction
Working
Technology used
Why these substances used ?
Features
Comparison
Applications
Advantages & Disadvantages
Conclusion
Reference

3. Capacitor
1. A capacitor (condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy in its electric field.
2. When a capacitor is attached across a battery, an electric field
develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to
collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the
other plate.

4. Basic design and terminology in
Capacitors
Capacitance: Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the
electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. C=dQ/dV (S.I. unit is Faraday)
Energy Storage: 1/2CV2

5. Supercapacitors
➢Also known as Electrical double layer capacitors or Ultracapacitors
➢In general, a capacitor is a device which is used to store the charge in
an electrical circuit. Basically a capacitor is made up of two conductors
separated by an insulator called dielectric.
➢Supercapacitors are modern electric energy storage devices with very
high capacity and a low internal resistance.
➢Supercapacitors utilise high surface area electrode materials and thin
electrolytic dielectrics to achieve high capacitance.
➢This allows for energy densities greater than those of conventional
capacitors and power densities greater than those of batteries. As a
result, these may become an attractive power solutions for an
increasing number of applications
➢The capacitance range is From 100 Farad to 5000Farad

6. HISTORY OF SUPERCAPACITORS
● In 1950s General Electric Engineers started
experimenting components using porous
carbon electrodes for fuel
cells and rechargeable batteries.
● In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage
electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon
electrodes".
● That capacitor came to known as
Supercapacitor as it stored very high
amount of energy.
● In 2013 Indian-US girl “Esha Khare”invented
a new electrode for supercapacitor

7. Classification of Supercapacitors

8. Electrical Double layer Capacitors
• EDL formed with electrode and electrolyte with solvent molecules bet
• Store energy by adsorbing electrolyte ions onto the surface of the ele
• Fast acting. Low energy potential, charge confined to surface
(a) simplified EDL
capacitor [4]
(b)
An example of EDLC
using highly porous
carbon as a
dielectric [6]
b
a

9. Pseudocapacitor
•Depend on redox reactions that take place at the electrode
•Electrode materials typically made up of transition metals,
conducting polymers, or compound with O and N functional
groups
•Higher Energy density but lower cycling life
Pseudocapacitor [4]

10. • A combination of EDLC and
pseudocapacitor. Optimises power
density of EDLC with energy
density of pseudocapacitor
• One common example is the Li ion
capacitor which is a current leader
in the field
• Research has focused on three
different types of hybrid capacitors,
distinguished by their electrode
configuration: composite,
asymmetric, and battery-type
respectively
A hybrid capacitor EDLC comparison [7]
Specific Energy and Power comparison [4]
Hybrid capacitor

11. ● Electrochemical capacitors (supercapacitors)
consist of two electrodes separated by an ion
permeable membrane (separator), and an
electrolyte electrically connecting both
electrodes. When the voltage is applied, ions in
the electrolyte form electric double layers of
opposite polarity to the electrode's polarity.
● For example, positive electrodes will have a
layer of negative ions and negative electrodes
will have a layer of positive ions.
Basic Design

12. ● Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal foils, each
coated with an electrode material such as activated carbon.
● The electrodes are kept apart by an ion-
permeable membrane (separator) used as an insulator to
protect the electrodes against short circuits.
● The construction is subsequently rolled or folded into a
cylindrical or rectangular shape and is packed in an
aluminium can.
CONSTRUCTION
4. Aluminium can
5.Positive pole
6.Separator
7.Carbon electrode
8. Collector
9.Carbon electrode
10. Negative pole
1.Positive electrode
2. Negative electrode
3. Separator

13. ● When a voltage is applied, the ions are
attracted to the electrode with the
opposite charge, where they cling
electrostatically to the pores in the
carbon.
● At the low voltages used in
ultracapacitors, carbon is inert and does
not react chemically with the ions
attached to it. Nor do the ions become
oxidized or reduced, as they do at the
higher voltages used in an electrolytic
cell.
● As the effective area where ions are
stuck is much larger, appreciably high
value of capacitance is obtained.
WORKING OF SUPERCAPACITOR

14. ●Carbon nano tubes, carbon aerogels, Graphene based materials are used for supercapacitors plates or electrodes.
●Sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) or lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) are used as electrolytes.
●Polyacrylonitrile(C3
H3
N)n
is used as a
separator(thickness 0.3-0.8 nm).
●Aluminium as a packing component.
●Carbon Nanotubes : Depending on their geometry, can be excellent conductors .
Thus they can supply more power than
ultracapacitors outfitted with activated carbon.
Their structure makes them less chemically reactive.
TECHNOLOGY USED
NANOTUBES STRUCTURES

15. ● Electrodes:-
1)Carbon nanotubes greatly improve capacitor performance, due to the highly wettable
surface area and high conductivity.
2)Highly porous.
● Electrolytes:-
1) Wide working temperature (-900c to 4000c).
2)Non flammable and low toxic.
3)Non-corrosive to electrode & packing components.
● Separator:-
1) Unique tensile strength (103MegaPascals).
2)Electrical conductivity (1.5x104 S/m).
3)Not degraded easily.
why these substances used?

16. COMPARISON WITH BATTERY &
CONVENTIONAL CAPACITORS
The performance
improvement for an
Supercapacitor is shown
in a graph termed as
“Ragone plot.” This type
of graph presents the
power densities of
various energy storage
devices, measured
along the vertical axis,
versus their energy
densities, measured
along the horizontal
axis. Ultracapacitors
occupy a region
between conventional
capacitors and batteries
. Despite greater
capacitances than
conventional capacitors,
ultracapacitors have yet
to match the energy
densities of mid to high-
end batteries and fuel
cells.

17. COMPARISON(Contd..)

18. COMPARISON WITH BATTERIES
⦿Very high rates of charge and discharge.Supercapacitor charges within seconds
whereas batteries takes hours.
⦿Little degradation over hundreds of thousands of cycle Batteries degrade within
a few thousand charge-discharge cycles. Ultracapacitors can have more than
300,000 charging cycles, which is far more than a battery can handle.
⦿Can effectively fulfil the requirement of high current pulses that can kill a
battery if used instead Batteries fail where high charging discharging takes place
whereas Supercapacitor fares extremely well.
⦿Ultracapacitors are much more effective at rapid, regenerative energy storage
than batteries.

19. 19
Flat style of super
capacitor
used for mobile
devices.
Typical knob capacitor
For PCB mounting
used for memory
backup
Radial style of lithium-
Ion capacitor for PCB
mounting used for
industrial applications
20

20. missile
s
• Used in Diesel engine start up in
submarines & tanks.
• Used to recover braking energy in
HEV & modern trains and deliver the
same during accelerating periods.
• Used as backup energy source for
GPS guided missiles.
Applications:

21. ⦿In 2001 and 2002, VAG, the public transport operator in
Nuremberg, Germany tested a bus which used a diesel-electric
drive system with ultracapacitors.
⦿Heavy transportation vehicles - such as trains, metros - place
particular demands on energy storage devices. Such devices
must be very robust and reliable, displaying both long
operational lifetimes and low maintenance requirements.
⦿Maxwell Technologies solved these issues with its
supercapacitor HTM125 module for braking energy
recuperation and torque assist systems in trains, metro
transportation vehicles. Ultracapacitors can deliver the peak
power for acceleration and store part of vehicle’s kinetic energy
during deceleration.
APPLICATIONS (Contd..)

22. APPLICATIONS(Contd..)
⦿China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus that runs
without powerlines using power stored in large onboard
ultracapacitors. A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in
early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use
supercapacitor buses.
⦿Esma-cap, Russia, developed two experimental vehicles. Electric bus
with 50 passengers capacity, maximum speed 20 km.h-1.Electric
truck with payload limit 1,000 kg, maximum speed 70 km.h-1. Proton
Power Systems has created the world's first triple hybrid Forklift
Truck, which uses batteries as primary energy storage and
ultracapacitors to supplement this energy storage solution.
⦿Delivering or accepting power during short-duration events is the
supercapacitor’s strongest suit.

23. ADVANTAGES
●High energy storage.
●Wide working
temperature(-400c to 600c).
●Eco-friendly.
●Quick charging time.
●Maximum life cycle.
●High cycle efficiency (95%).
●High specific power up to 17
kW/kg.
●Extremely low internal
resistance.
●Safe.
DISADVANTAGES
● Low energy density; usually holds
1/5 – 1/10 of a battery.
●Cannot use the full energy spectrum
for some applications.
● The voltage varies with the energy
stored.
●Have high self-discharge rate.
●Individual cells have low voltages,
and so serial connections are
needed to obtain higher voltages.
●Requires expert electronic control.
●Cannot be used in AC and high
frequency circuits.
●High cost.

24. Conclusion
⦿Supercapacitors may be used wherever high power delivery or
electrical energy storage is required. Therefore numerous applications
are possible.
⦿In particular, ultracapacitors have great potential for applications that
require a combination of high power, short charging time, high cycling
stability, and long shelf life.
⦿Thus, ultracapacitors may emerge as the solution for many
application-specific power systems.
⦿Despite the advantages of ultracapacitors in these areas, their
production and implementation has been limited to date. There are a
number of possible explanations for this lack of market penetration,
including high cost, packaging problems, and self-discharge.
⦿WE CAN USE SUPERCAPACITORS AS BATTERIES , NONTOXIC
AND ECO-FRIENDLY

25. References:
[1]Marin S. Halper, James C. Ellenbogen, “Supercapacitors: A Brief Overview”, March 2006
[2]http://www.maxwell.com/pdf/uc/app_notes/ultracap_product_guide.pdf : last accessed on 25th Octobe
[3]E.J.Dowgiallo & A.F.Bruke ‘’ Ultracapacitors for electric and hybrid vehicles: A technology update.’’
[4]wikipedia.org
[5] Huang, Yi, Jiajie Liang, and Yongsheng Chen. “An Overview of the Applications of Graphene-Based M
[6] http://www.i2bf.com/companies/16/
[7]M. Jayalakshmi, K. Balasubramanian, “Simple Capacitors to Supercapacitors - An Overview”, Int.
[8] www.google.com/images
[9] B.E.Conway, ‘’Electrochemical Supercapacitors’’, chemical industry press.
[10] http://cssf.usc.edu//History/2013/Projects/S0912.pdf

26. Thank you