Petroleum Geology - Origin of Petroleum
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Petroleum Geology, Petroleum Engineering, Origin of Petroleum (Formation, Migration, & Accumulation of Petroleum)
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Origin of petroleum, organic and inorganic theories
The origin of petroleum still has uncertainties despite the tremendous researches and studies devoted to it rather than any other natural substance.
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This document discusses the origin and formation of oil and gas from plankton and other microscopic organisms. It explains that under low oxygen conditions on the seafloor, organic matter accumulates and is buried over time. Increased temperature and pressure converts the organic matter into kerogen and then into oil and gas. The hydrocarbons can then migrate from the source rock through porous carrier rocks until being trapped by an impermeable cap rock, forming an oil or gas reservoir. Sweet crude oil contains low sulfur while sour crude has higher sulfur levels, affecting refining.
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This presentation discusses petroleum traps, which are subsurface reservoirs that prevent petroleum from migrating. There are three main types of traps - structural, stratigraphic, and combination. Structural traps are created by folding or faulting of reservoir rocks. Stratigraphic traps result from variations in rock layers. Combination traps involve both structural and stratigraphic elements, like salt domes. For petroleum to accumulate, a trap must form before or during migration from the source rock. The timing of trap formation is important for a reservoir to contain producible quantities of oil or gas.
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This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
1. It defines petroleum geology as the study of the origin, generation, migration, and accumulation of hydrocarbons, with the goal of exploring for and producing oil and gas.
2. Petroleum can occur as liquid (crude oil), gas (natural gas), or solid/semi-solid forms like asphalt or bitumen. Natural gas exists as either associated or non-associated gas.
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Petroleum migration by waqar
This document discusses secondary migration of petroleum, which is the movement of oil and gas within reservoir rocks after primary migration. The main forces driving secondary migration are buoyancy, as oil and gas are less dense than water, and hydrodynamic forces from water flow. Capillary pressure acts as a resistant force. Secondary migration can occur over distances ranging from hundreds of meters to over 100 km and is facilitated by porous and permeable pathways as well as pressure gradients within the rocks. Water drive and gas flushing are two mechanisms enabling secondary migration to traps and accumulations. Fractures also provide routes for secondary oil and gas to migrate through reservoir strata.
Basics of petroleum geology
This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
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2) It explains the process of formation of an oil accumulation, which requires a source rock, reservoir rock, seal, and trap.
3) It describes the basic components of organic matter in sediments and how they are transformed into kerogen and then oil and gas through burial and heating over time.
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Surface indication of subsurface oil and gas accumulation
This document summarizes different types of surface indications of subsurface oil and gas accumulations. It describes active or live occurrences such as seepages, springs, and mud volcanoes. Seepages occur along fractures and joints in rocks, allowing petroleum to reach the surface. Mud volcanoes form when high pressure gas and water carries mud, sand, and rock fragments to the surface. The document also discusses fossil or dead occurrences, including disseminated occurrences where oil is distributed throughout pore spaces, and vein or dyke deposits where bitumen fills rocks.
Recommended
Origin of petroleum, organic and inorganic theories
The origin of petroleum still has uncertainties despite the tremendous researches and studies devoted to it rather than any other natural substance.
Hydrocarbon Generation & Migration
This document discusses the origin and formation of oil and gas from plankton and other microscopic organisms. It explains that under low oxygen conditions on the seafloor, organic matter accumulates and is buried over time. Increased temperature and pressure converts the organic matter into kerogen and then into oil and gas. The hydrocarbons can then migrate from the source rock through porous carrier rocks until being trapped by an impermeable cap rock, forming an oil or gas reservoir. Sweet crude oil contains low sulfur while sour crude has higher sulfur levels, affecting refining.
Petroleum traps
This presentation discusses petroleum traps, which are subsurface reservoirs that prevent petroleum from migrating. There are three main types of traps - structural, stratigraphic, and combination. Structural traps are created by folding or faulting of reservoir rocks. Stratigraphic traps result from variations in rock layers. Combination traps involve both structural and stratigraphic elements, like salt domes. For petroleum to accumulate, a trap must form before or during migration from the source rock. The timing of trap formation is important for a reservoir to contain producible quantities of oil or gas.
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This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
1. It defines petroleum geology as the study of the origin, generation, migration, and accumulation of hydrocarbons, with the goal of exploring for and producing oil and gas.
2. Petroleum can occur as liquid (crude oil), gas (natural gas), or solid/semi-solid forms like asphalt or bitumen. Natural gas exists as either associated or non-associated gas.
3. Crude oils vary in properties like specific gravity, viscosity, pour point, and optical activity. The origin of petroleum is now widely accepted to be organic rather than inorganic.
Petroleum migration by waqar
This document discusses secondary migration of petroleum, which is the movement of oil and gas within reservoir rocks after primary migration. The main forces driving secondary migration are buoyancy, as oil and gas are less dense than water, and hydrodynamic forces from water flow. Capillary pressure acts as a resistant force. Secondary migration can occur over distances ranging from hundreds of meters to over 100 km and is facilitated by porous and permeable pathways as well as pressure gradients within the rocks. Water drive and gas flushing are two mechanisms enabling secondary migration to traps and accumulations. Fractures also provide routes for secondary oil and gas to migrate through reservoir strata.
Basics of petroleum geology
This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
1) It discusses the key components of petroleum geology - geochemistry, geophysics, and biology.
2) It explains the process of formation of an oil accumulation, which requires a source rock, reservoir rock, seal, and trap.
3) It describes the basic components of organic matter in sediments and how they are transformed into kerogen and then oil and gas through burial and heating over time.
Ogin of petroleum
The document summarizes a student presentation on petroleum geology and exploration techniques. It discusses the origin of petroleum based on organic and inorganic theories. It also describes different types of petroleum traps including structural traps like anticlines and fault traps, and stratigraphic traps like unconformities. Additionally, it covers abnormal fluid pressures, including subnormal and overpressured systems. Finally, it outlines common exploration methods such as seismic, gravity, magnetic surveys, and others.
Surface indication of subsurface oil and gas accumulation
This document summarizes different types of surface indications of subsurface oil and gas accumulations. It describes active or live occurrences such as seepages, springs, and mud volcanoes. Seepages occur along fractures and joints in rocks, allowing petroleum to reach the surface. Mud volcanoes form when high pressure gas and water carries mud, sand, and rock fragments to the surface. The document also discusses fossil or dead occurrences, including disseminated occurrences where oil is distributed throughout pore spaces, and vein or dyke deposits where bitumen fills rocks.
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This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for hydrocarbon exploration, specifically focusing on seismic surveying. It describes how seismic surveying works, including generating sound waves at shot points and measuring the travel time of reflections to determine subsurface rock densities and structures. Gravity and magnetic methods are also discussed briefly as tools used in the pre-drilling phase to locate salt domes and reefs, while seismic surveying is described as the most widely used method and applicable to both exploration and development phases.
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The document discusses key elements and processes of petroleum systems including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seal rocks, migration routes, traps, and the process of generation, migration, accumulation, and preservation of oil and gas. It also defines conventional reservoirs that can be produced economically without stimulation as compared to unconventional reservoirs that require stimulation techniques to be economically produced.
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Petroleum geology is the application of geology to explore for and produce oil and gas. It relies on understanding rock structures that can trap hydrocarbons underground. Key techniques used include seismic surveys, which use shock waves to map underground rock layers and structures that may indicate oil and gas traps. Important milestones include the development of the anticlinal theory of trapping in 1883, the invention of the seismograph in 1914, and the introduction of 3D seismic in the 1980s to improve imaging of underground structures.
The conversion of organic matter to petroleum
1. The conversion of organic matter to petroleum requires organic matter such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and lignin to be buried in deep sediment layers in an oxygen-deficient environment.
2. Over time and with increasing heat and pressure, the organic matter transforms first into kerogen and then into petroleum and natural gas through the processes of diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis.
3. Key factors that influence the preservation of organic matter and its conversion to petroleum include rapid burial to limit oxidation, high total organic carbon content, and a low oxygen to carbon ratio in the original organic material.
Physical and chemical properties of petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is refined into fuels. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons like alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatics. Petroleum forms from the thermal maturation of buried organic matter over millions of years. It varies in composition but is largely made up of carbon and hydrogen, with other elements like sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen present in smaller amounts. The type of petroleum depends on factors like the organic material it formed from and temperature/pressure conditions during formation.
C. Petroleum Accumulation
The document provides an overview of petroleum accumulation, including the key components and processes. It discusses:
1) Source rocks containing organic material that is buried and heated, forming oil and gas.
2) Migration of hydrocarbons from source rocks into reservoir rocks via primary and secondary migration processes driven by pressure changes.
3) Reservoir rocks, usually porous sandstone or limestone, that trap hydrocarbons with an impermeable cap rock forming an accumulation. Reservoir rocks must have sufficient porosity and permeability for hydrocarbons to flow.
Physical and chemical properties of petroleum
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of petroleum. It defines petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons that are mostly liquid, but can also be in gas or solid states. The four main hydrocarbon series in petroleum are paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and asphaltenes. Key physical properties discussed include specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, color, odor, and boiling point. The document also describes how petroleum can be classified based on its relative amounts of different hydrocarbon groups.
OLATINPO KEROGEN PRESENTATION
Kerogen is composed of the insoluble organic matter in sedimentary rocks that is capable of generating petroleum. It is formed from the decomposed remains of organisms like bacteria, algae, and plants. Kerogen is classified into four main types - Type I kerogen forms from algal matter and yields large amounts of oil; Type II kerogen is a mix of marine and terrestrial organic matter and is the most prolific source; Type III kerogen derives from woody plant debris and yields more gas; Type IV kerogen is highly carbonaceous but incapable of generating petroleum. The composition and source of the organic matter determines the type of kerogen formed and ultimately influences the hydrocarbon products generated during maturation.
Hydrocarbon Traps & Seals
This document discusses the key geological elements of a petroleum system including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, migration routes, and traps. It explains that source rocks contain organic matter that generates hydrocarbons through diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis as the rocks are buried deeper. Reservoir rocks have pore spaces that can absorb hydrocarbons, while seal rocks are impermeable layers that trap hydrocarbons between them and the reservoir rock. Traps form where hydrocarbons are blocked from further migrating, such as in structural traps like folds and faults or stratigraphic traps caused by changes in rock layers.
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1) Oil and gas migration are poorly understood processes in hydrocarbon reservoir formation. Hydrocarbons must migrate from their source rock to reservoir rocks through pore spaces originally filled with water.
2) During burial, formation waters in pore spaces become more saline with depth due to reverse osmosis, reaching concentrations over 350,000 ppm at several kilometers depth.
3) Primary migration involves the expulsion of hydrocarbons from low-permeability source rocks into more permeable surrounding rocks due to fluid overpressure. Secondary migration transports hydrocarbons long distances through porous reservoir rocks driven by buoyancy until trapped by impermeable seals.
Petroleum geology
Porosity and permeability are key properties that determine whether rock can effectively store and transmit hydrocarbons. Porosity refers to void space that can hold fluids, while permeability refers to how easily fluids can flow through interconnected pore spaces. There are different types of porosity and permeability based on pore connectivity and origin. Important reservoir rocks include clastic rocks like sandstone and carbonate rocks, which have sufficient original or secondary porosity. Hydrocarbons generated in source rocks can migrate through reservoir rocks, becoming trapped in structural or stratigraphic traps created by geological processes like folding or variations in rock layers.
COAL AND ITS RELATION TO OIL AND GAS
Coal and petroleum are related in their origin from plant matter, but differ in their state and environment of deposition. Both undergo geological processes that change their composition over time through coalification and kerogen formation. Coals can serve as a source rock for natural gas and, depending on their composition and maturity, may generate oil as well. Key indicators of coal rank and maturity include moisture, volatile content, carbon content, and vitrinite reflectance measured microscopically.
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kerogen
Kerogen is the insoluble organic matter found in source rock that is the precursor to oil and gas. It makes up 1% of shale, with 90% being kerogen. Kerogen forms from organic materials like algae and plants over time under heat, pressure, and other conditions. It exists in four types that can be classified based on their hydrogen to carbon and oxygen to carbon ratios, with types I and II being more oil-prone and type III being more gas-prone. Kerogen is the key starting material in the formation of oil and natural gas deposits.
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Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black mixture of hydrocarbons found beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key components of petroleum are carbon (83-87%) and hydrogen (10-14%). It is extracted through oil wells and transported via pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers. Major uses include gasoline and other fuels. While a valuable resource, petroleum also causes environmental issues like pollution from spills and greenhouse gas emissions.
ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM.pptx
Petroleum and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Over millions of years, plankton and algae accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. The organic material was converted into oil and gas through heat and pressure over geologic time. These hydrocarbons migrated upward until they were trapped underground in reservoirs within porous rock formations by impermeable caps such as shale. Natural gas is primarily methane and formed similarly through the thermal maturation of buried organic matter. It is found in conventional reservoirs as well as unconventional sources like shale.
Organic Matter Concepts in Petrogenesis.pdf
The document discusses the evolution of organic matter in sediments through four main stages:
1. Diagenesis occurs near the surface where microbial activity and chemical changes form kerogen from organic materials like proteins and lipids.
2. Catagenesis occurs at deeper burial depths where increased heat causes kerogen to generate hydrocarbons like oil and gas.
3. Metagenesis occurs at even greater depths where only methane is produced and the kerogen begins to take on a crystalline structure.
4. Metamorphism transforms the rocks and organic matter at the highest temperatures and pressures.
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Petroleum exploration
The document discusses key elements and processes of petroleum systems including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seal rocks, migration routes, traps, and the process of generation, migration, accumulation, and preservation of oil and gas. It also defines conventional reservoirs that can be produced economically without stimulation as compared to unconventional reservoirs that require stimulation techniques to be economically produced.
Petroleum Geology
Petroleum geology is the application of geology to explore for and produce oil and gas. It relies on understanding rock structures that can trap hydrocarbons underground. Key techniques used include seismic surveys, which use shock waves to map underground rock layers and structures that may indicate oil and gas traps. Important milestones include the development of the anticlinal theory of trapping in 1883, the invention of the seismograph in 1914, and the introduction of 3D seismic in the 1980s to improve imaging of underground structures.
The conversion of organic matter to petroleum
1. The conversion of organic matter to petroleum requires organic matter such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and lignin to be buried in deep sediment layers in an oxygen-deficient environment.
2. Over time and with increasing heat and pressure, the organic matter transforms first into kerogen and then into petroleum and natural gas through the processes of diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis.
3. Key factors that influence the preservation of organic matter and its conversion to petroleum include rapid burial to limit oxidation, high total organic carbon content, and a low oxygen to carbon ratio in the original organic material.
Physical and chemical properties of petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is refined into fuels. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons like alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatics. Petroleum forms from the thermal maturation of buried organic matter over millions of years. It varies in composition but is largely made up of carbon and hydrogen, with other elements like sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen present in smaller amounts. The type of petroleum depends on factors like the organic material it formed from and temperature/pressure conditions during formation.
C. Petroleum Accumulation
The document provides an overview of petroleum accumulation, including the key components and processes. It discusses:
1) Source rocks containing organic material that is buried and heated, forming oil and gas.
2) Migration of hydrocarbons from source rocks into reservoir rocks via primary and secondary migration processes driven by pressure changes.
3) Reservoir rocks, usually porous sandstone or limestone, that trap hydrocarbons with an impermeable cap rock forming an accumulation. Reservoir rocks must have sufficient porosity and permeability for hydrocarbons to flow.
Physical and chemical properties of petroleum
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of petroleum. It defines petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons that are mostly liquid, but can also be in gas or solid states. The four main hydrocarbon series in petroleum are paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and asphaltenes. Key physical properties discussed include specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, color, odor, and boiling point. The document also describes how petroleum can be classified based on its relative amounts of different hydrocarbon groups.
OLATINPO KEROGEN PRESENTATION
Kerogen is composed of the insoluble organic matter in sedimentary rocks that is capable of generating petroleum. It is formed from the decomposed remains of organisms like bacteria, algae, and plants. Kerogen is classified into four main types - Type I kerogen forms from algal matter and yields large amounts of oil; Type II kerogen is a mix of marine and terrestrial organic matter and is the most prolific source; Type III kerogen derives from woody plant debris and yields more gas; Type IV kerogen is highly carbonaceous but incapable of generating petroleum. The composition and source of the organic matter determines the type of kerogen formed and ultimately influences the hydrocarbon products generated during maturation.
Hydrocarbon Traps & Seals
This document discusses the key geological elements of a petroleum system including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, migration routes, and traps. It explains that source rocks contain organic matter that generates hydrocarbons through diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis as the rocks are buried deeper. Reservoir rocks have pore spaces that can absorb hydrocarbons, while seal rocks are impermeable layers that trap hydrocarbons between them and the reservoir rock. Traps form where hydrocarbons are blocked from further migrating, such as in structural traps like folds and faults or stratigraphic traps caused by changes in rock layers.
Gas hydrates
It is a power point presentation on Gas Hydrates.
It consist of Energy Scenario, Basic Definition, methodology,
Methane Hydrate formation condition.
Future Scope
Oil migration (pinacle reef)
1) Oil and gas migration are poorly understood processes in hydrocarbon reservoir formation. Hydrocarbons must migrate from their source rock to reservoir rocks through pore spaces originally filled with water.
2) During burial, formation waters in pore spaces become more saline with depth due to reverse osmosis, reaching concentrations over 350,000 ppm at several kilometers depth.
3) Primary migration involves the expulsion of hydrocarbons from low-permeability source rocks into more permeable surrounding rocks due to fluid overpressure. Secondary migration transports hydrocarbons long distances through porous reservoir rocks driven by buoyancy until trapped by impermeable seals.
Petroleum geology
Porosity and permeability are key properties that determine whether rock can effectively store and transmit hydrocarbons. Porosity refers to void space that can hold fluids, while permeability refers to how easily fluids can flow through interconnected pore spaces. There are different types of porosity and permeability based on pore connectivity and origin. Important reservoir rocks include clastic rocks like sandstone and carbonate rocks, which have sufficient original or secondary porosity. Hydrocarbons generated in source rocks can migrate through reservoir rocks, becoming trapped in structural or stratigraphic traps created by geological processes like folding or variations in rock layers.
COAL AND ITS RELATION TO OIL AND GAS
Coal and petroleum are related in their origin from plant matter, but differ in their state and environment of deposition. Both undergo geological processes that change their composition over time through coalification and kerogen formation. Coals can serve as a source rock for natural gas and, depending on their composition and maturity, may generate oil as well. Key indicators of coal rank and maturity include moisture, volatile content, carbon content, and vitrinite reflectance measured microscopically.
Understanding source rocks
This document discusses the key attributes of source rocks: organic richness, kerogen type, and thermal maturity. Organic richness and kerogen type are determined by depositional environment, while thermal maturity depends on tectonic history. Source rocks must contain sufficient organic carbon (>0.5-1% TOC) and be thermally mature to generate hydrocarbons. Kerogen types I-III generate oil, wet gas, and dry gas respectively. Thermal maturity is assessed using indices like Tmax, S1/S2, and spore color. The samples discussed are immature based on their thermal maturity parameters.
kerogen
Kerogen is the insoluble organic matter found in source rock that is the precursor to oil and gas. It makes up 1% of shale, with 90% being kerogen. Kerogen forms from organic materials like algae and plants over time under heat, pressure, and other conditions. It exists in four types that can be classified based on their hydrogen to carbon and oxygen to carbon ratios, with types I and II being more oil-prone and type III being more gas-prone. Kerogen is the key starting material in the formation of oil and natural gas deposits.
Structural traps
petroleum geology's topic
for hydrocarbon exploration it is very important to understand what are traps and how they are formed?
Petroleum Exploration Overview
This document provides an overview of petroleum exploration. It describes the life cycle of an oil and gas field, including the exploration, appraisal and development, production, and abandonment phases. The exploration process involves studying surface features like oil seeps and outcrops to identify potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. Subsurface data from techniques like seismic surveys is also used. Basin analysis examines sedimentary basins where source rocks may have generated hydrocarbons that migrated and were trapped in reservoir rocks. The goal is to identify "petroleum plays" with the highest probability of containing producible oil and gas to justify drilling exploratory wells. Subsurface data acquisition methods help map underground geology before drilling begins.
Underground coal gasification
The document provides an overview of underground coal gasification (UCG). UCG involves injecting oxidants into unmined coal seams to convert coal into syngas. It has several benefits over traditional coal mining such as lower costs, reduced environmental impact, and leaving solid waste underground. However, it also faces challenges from geological and hydrological risks. Recent interest in UCG has grown due to high fuel prices and projects exist in countries like China, India, South Africa, and Australia to test and develop the technology.
Concept of Source Rock Characterisation
Contains a short description of source rock and it is classified whilst making due diligence to relate it to its importance to geologist (or economic importance in general)
Petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black mixture of hydrocarbons found beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key components of petroleum are carbon (83-87%) and hydrogen (10-14%). It is extracted through oil wells and transported via pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers. Major uses include gasoline and other fuels. While a valuable resource, petroleum also causes environmental issues like pollution from spills and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Petroleum and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Over millions of years, plankton and algae accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. The organic material was converted into oil and gas through heat and pressure over geologic time. These hydrocarbons migrated upward until they were trapped underground in reservoirs within porous rock formations by impermeable caps such as shale. Natural gas is primarily methane and formed similarly through the thermal maturation of buried organic matter. It is found in conventional reservoirs as well as unconventional sources like shale.
Organic Matter Concepts in Petrogenesis.pdf
The document discusses the evolution of organic matter in sediments through four main stages:
1. Diagenesis occurs near the surface where microbial activity and chemical changes form kerogen from organic materials like proteins and lipids.
2. Catagenesis occurs at deeper burial depths where increased heat causes kerogen to generate hydrocarbons like oil and gas.
3. Metagenesis occurs at even greater depths where only methane is produced and the kerogen begins to take on a crystalline structure.
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The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between different reservoirs on Earth, including the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. Carbon moves between these reservoirs through both fast and slow carbon cycles. The fast carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and biosphere through photosynthesis and respiration, while the slow carbon cycle moves carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, and lithosphere over geological timescales through chemical weathering, sediment formation, and volcanism. Key aspects of the carbon cycle include the solubility pump, biological pump, and carbonate pump, which transfer carbon from surface waters to the deep ocean and sediments, lowering atmospheric CO2 levels.
ORIGIN OF CLAY AND CASE STUDY..
This case study analyzed clay occurrences around Kutigi Central Bida Basin in Nigeria. Detailed field mapping identified two hills near Kutigi town containing clay deposits. Laboratory analysis of samples from the hills using X-ray diffraction found them to be composed primarily of kaolinite and quartz minerals. Kaolinite alone constituted about 43.64% of the samples, while quartz constituted around 54.55%. This study characterized the geology and mineralogical composition of clays in this region of Nigeria.
naturalgas_S.Karakitsiou
This document provides an overview of natural gas from extraction to consumption. It discusses the formation of natural gas including the genesis of hydrocarbons from organic matter, maturation periods, and kerogen. Detection methods and characteristics of natural gas are described. Both conventional and unconventional extraction methods are covered, with details on hydraulic fracturing. The document outlines natural gas distribution through liquefaction, pipeline transmission, and important parameters like pressure and temperature effects.
Subsurface Petroleum System.pptx
Hydrocarbon is an organic chemical compound, compised of hydrogen and carbon atoms. It was a naturally occurring compound. It forms the basis of crude oil, natural gas and coal. My presentation incorporates about formation of Hydro carbon.
Carbonates overview
The document provides an overview of a course on carbonates and sedimentary basins. It discusses how carbonate sediments form in different depositional environments and the factors controlling carbonate accumulation and distribution. It also summarizes the key components and textures of carbonate rocks and the processes of diagenesis.
Chapt14 lecture
The document provides an overview of geology and earth resources, covering topics like tectonic plate movement, rock types, economic geology, environmental effects of mining, and geological hazards. It describes how convection currents in the mantle cause the crust to break into tectonic plates that slowly move, causing earthquakes at plate boundaries. The three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - are formed through the rock cycle of creation, destruction, and transformation. Economic geology examines valuable mineral resources while environmental effects analyzes mining's impacts. Geological hazards like earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides are also summarized.
Coal and Coke.pdf
Coal forms over millions of years from plant remains that are buried, compacted, and chemically altered by heat and pressure. The formation involves initial accumulation of plant matter in swamps to form peat deposits, followed by deeper burial which causes compaction and heating that transforms the peat into lignite and then into higher rank coals like bituminous coal and anthracite as the temperature and pressure increase further. Coal provides a major source of the world's energy due to its abundance compared to oil and gas reserves, though it also produces more carbon emissions when burned.
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Introduction to oil and gas system.Your score increases as you pick a categor...
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The document discusses the functions and types of casing strings used in oil and gas wells. It describes the different casing strings like conductor casing, surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing. It also covers casing design criteria like classifications based on outside diameter, length, connections, weight, and grade. The mechanical properties of casing are discussed in relation to withstanding tensile, burst, and collapse loads during drilling and production operations.
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1. World Energy
83-87
Hydrogen
10-14
Nitrogen
0.1-2
Oxygen
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Sulphur
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The document discusses various topics related to energy production and consumption including:
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- The top three energy producing countries in 2003 were United States, Russia, and China.
- Energy consumption is directly related to quality of life as measured by factors like life expectancy, education, and GDP.
- Foss
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Petroleum Geology - Origin of Petroleum
- 2. Formation Migration Accumulation
- 3. ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM To be considered are these 3 stages: Formation of Petroleum Migration of Petroleum Accumulation of Petroleum
- 4. Formation of Petroleum There are 2 theories concerning the formation of petroleum: The Inorganic theory The Organic theory
- 5. Inorganic Theory Berthelot (1860) & Dmitri Mendeleev (1902): Iron carbide in the earth’s mantle would react with percolating water to form methane. FeC2+ 2H2O →CH4+ FeO2 This theory is called Deep-Seated Terrestrial Hypothesis.
- 6. Sokoloff (1890): Hydrocarbons precipitated as rain from the original nebular matter from which solar system was formed. The hydrocarbons were the ejected from earth’s interior onto surface rocks. This theory is called Extraterrestrial Hypothesis
- 7. Problems with Inorganic Theories : No field evidence that inorganic processes have occurred in nature. Commercial accumulations are restricted to mainly sedimentary basins. Accumulations are absent from igneous and metamorphic rocks.
- 8. Organic Theory Early marine life forms living on earth were primarily plankton (rich in hydrogen & carbon) Over 95% of living matter in the ocean is plankton.
- 9. As these plankton died, their remains were captured by the process of erosion and sedimentation.
- 10. Successive layers of organic-rich mud & silt covered preceding layers of organic-rich sediments & overtime created layers on the sea floor rich in the fossil remains of previous life.
- 11. Thermal maturation processes (decay, heat, pressure) slowly converted the organic matter into oil & gas over periods of millions of geologic years. Conversion of the organic material is called Catagenesis. It usually occurs under anaerobic conditions.
- 12. Clay & silt are carried together with the dead organic remains & deposited under deltaic, lacustrine & marine conditions to form Source rocks. Black-coloured, organically-rich shales deposited in a non-oxidizing, quiet marine environment are considered the best source rocks.
- 13. Shales
- 14. Shale rock = 99% clay mineral + 1% organic material. Kerogen Insoluble High molecular weight Polymeric compound
- 15. Thermal alteration of kerogen forms crude oil by increasing the carbon contents. At shallow depths (< 3,000 ft), bacteria actions on organic materials form Biogenic Gas(natural gas). At great depths (high temperature & overburden), Thermogenic Gasis formed. Later stages of thermogenesis will form wet gas and condensate.
- 17. Supports for organic hypothesis: Carbon & hydrogen are the primary constituents of organic material, both plant & animal. Nitrogen & Porphyrinsare found in organic matter & in many petroleum. Porphyrins are chlorophyll derivatives in plants & blood derivatives in animals.
- 18. Migration of Petroleum Produced hydrocarbons migrates upward from the deeper, hotter parts of the basin through permeable strata into suitable structures. There are 2 stages of migration: Primary Migration –Kerogen transformation causes micro-fracturing of the impermeable & low porosity source rock, allowing hydrocarbons to move into more permeable strata.
- 19. Secondary Migration –The generated fluids move more freely along bedding planes and faults into a suitable reservoir structure. Migration can occur over several tens of kilometers in lateral directions.
- 23. Accumulation of Petroleum Accumulation & storage occur when the migrating fluids encounter an impermeable shale or dense layer of rock. This is called a Trap. After accumulation, the fluids tend to stratify according to their relative densities: Gas Oil Water
- 24. If the migrating fluids do not encounter a trap, they tend to flow to the surface or deposited on the ocean floor. Examples are: Seepages Escaping natural gas Bituminous lakes
- 25. Reservoirs are composed of either: Clastic formation –sandstone reservoirs made from silicates (quartz, SiO2). Carbonate formation –carbonate reservoirs made from detritus(coral or shell fragments). Reservoirs must be: Porous Permeable Trapped.
- 26. Types of Traps Anticlinal Traps Result of ductile crustal deformations. HCWC
- 27. Fault Traps Result of brittle crustal deformations. HCWC
- 28. Stratigraphic Traps Impermeable strata seal the reservoir. HCWC
- 29. Salt Dome Traps Combination Traps Fault bound anticlinal structures, i.e. combination of anticlinal & fault traps. Many global reservoirs have this type.