This mini-presentation reviews systems theory for an introduction to physical geography course.

1. Systems Theory Explained
Intro to Physical Geography
Chapter 1

2. Systems Theory
• Systems are any ordered, interrelated set of
things and their attributes, linked by flows of
energy and matter, as distinct from the
surrounding environment outside the system.
• Open systems
• Closed systems

3. Open System

4. Open System

5. Feedback
• Systems generate information as they operate
that influence their own operations (feedback
loops).
• If feedback info discourages a response, it’s
negative feedback, and can decrease growth.
• If feedback info encourages increased
response, it is positive feedback, and can
stimulate growth.

6. System Equilibrium
• Most of the time a system will maintain its
structure…you’ll see this especially as we start
talking about the atmosphere.
• Steady-state equilibrium-rates of inputs and
outputs are equal and energy storage is
constant.
• Dynamic equilibrium-changing trend over
time, often gradually.

7. Steady-State Equilibrium

8. Dynamic Equilibrium

9. The Tipping Point
• A system can reach a threshold if too many
pressures are put upon it.
• An abrupt change occurs in the system, and the
system reaches what’s called a metastable
equilibrium.
• Examples: Huge iceberg broke of Greenland in
August of 2010.
Earthquakes!

10. Systems in the Abstract

11. Examples
of Systems