Constructors and destructors are special member functions in C++ that are used to initialize objects and perform cleanup operations. There are different types of constructors - default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Constructors are called automatically when an object is created, while destructors are called when an object is destroyed or goes out of scope. Constructors initialize objects, while destructors perform cleanup tasks like deallocating memory. Overloading of constructors allows defining multiple constructors that differ in parameters.
Constructors, Destructors, call in parameterized Constructor, Multiple constructor in a class, Explicit/implicit call, Copy constructor, Dynamic Constructors and call in parameterized Constructor
Constructors, Destructors, call in parameterized Constructor, Multiple constructor in a class, Explicit/implicit call, Copy constructor, Dynamic Constructors and call in parameterized Constructor
This simple slideshare gives an Illustration of working with cookies in NodeJS. There is always a confusion of working with cookies and of which NPM to select when working with Cookies, Hope this removes all confusion.
A constructor is a member function of a class which initializes objects of a class. In C++, Constructor is automatically called when object(instance of class) create. It is special member function of the class.
CONSTRUCTORS, DESTRUCTORS AND OPERATOR OVERLOADING.pptxDeepasCSE
Certainly, here's a brief explanation of constructors, destructors, and operator overloading without using code:
Constructors: Constructors are special methods used to initialize objects of a class. They set the initial state of an object when it is created.
Destructors: Destructors are special methods used to clean up resources and perform necessary cleanup when an object is no longer needed or goes out of scope. They ensure proper resource management.
Operator Overloading: Operator overloading is a feature that allows you to define custom behaviors for operators such as +, -, *, /, etc., when they are applied to objects of your class. It enables you to work with objects in a way that is meaningful for your specific class.
Constructors can be of different types:
Default Constructors: Initialize objects with default values.
Parameterized Constructors: Accept arguments to initialize objects with specific values.
Copy Constructors: Create a new object as a copy of an existing object.
Constructor Overloading: A class can have multiple constructors with different parameter lists, providing flexibility in object initialization.
Destructors are executed automatically when an object is destroyed. They are essential for releasing resources like memory, file handles, or network connections, ensuring proper cleanup and preventing resource leaks.
Operator overloading enables you to define how operators work with objects of your class. For instance, you can specify what the + operator does when applied to two objects of your class, allowing for custom operations that make sense in the context of your class's functionality.
In summary, constructors initialize objects, destructors handle cleanup, and operator overloading allows custom operations with operators when working with objects. These features are crucial for building custom classes in object-oriented programming.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. CONSTRUCTORS
A member function with the same as its class is called Constructor and it is used to
initialize the object of that class with a legal initial value.
Example :
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
float marks;
public:
student( ) //Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
};
3. CONSTRUCTOR CALLING
A constructor can be called in two ways: implicitly and explicitly.
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
float marks;
public:
student( ) //Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
};
void main()
{
student s1; //implicit call
}
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
float marks;
public:
student( ) //Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
};
void main()
{
student s1 = student(); //explicit call
}
IMPLICIT CALL OF CONSTRUCTOR EXPLICIT CALL OF CONSTRUCTOR
4. FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTORS
Constructor has the same name as class.
Constructor does not have any return type not even void.
Constructor can be declared only in the public section of the class.
Constructor is called automatically when the object of the class is
created.
5. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTOR
1. Default Constructor: A constructor that accepts no parameter is called the Default
Constructor.
2. Parameterized Constructor: A constructor that accepts parameters for its invocation is
known as parameterized Constructor, also called as Regular Constructor.
3. Copy Constructor: A copy constructor is a special constructor in the C++ programming
language used to create a new object as a copy of an existing object.
6. Example :
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
float marks;
public:
student( ) // Default Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
void display();
void enter();
};
void main()
{
student s1; // default constructor called
}
DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR
Default constructor takes no argument.
It is used to initialize an object of a class with legal initial values.
7. PARAMETRISED CONSTRUCTOR
Parametrized constructor accepts
arguments.
It initializes the data members of
the object with the arguments
passed to it.
When the object s1 is created,
default constructor is called and
when the objects s2 is created,
parametrized constructor is called
and this is implicit call of
parametrized constructor.
When the object s3 is created,
again the parametrized
constructor is called but this
explicit call of parametrized
constructor.
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
float marks;
public:
student( )
// Default Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
student(int roll, char nam[20],
float mar)
// Parametrized Constructor
{ rollno=roll;
strcpy(name, nam);
marks =mar;
}
void display();
void enter();
};
void main()
{
student s1;
student s2(1, “RAMESH”,
350);
student s3=student(2,
”KAJAL”, 400);
}
8. COPY CONSTRUCTOR
Copy constructor accepts an object as an argument.
It creates a new object and initializes its data members with data members of the object passed
to it as an argument.
Syntax : class_name( class_name & object_name)
{
}
Note: It is necessary to pass an object by reference in copy constructor because if do not pass the
object by reference then a copy constructor will be invoked to make the copy of the object.
In this process copy constructor will be invoked again and it will be a recursive process ie this
process will repeat again and again endlessly resulting in running short of memory. Ultimately our
system will hang.
9. COPY CONSTRUCTOR EXAMPLE
Example :
Statement1: default
constructor is called.
Statement2: parametrized
constructor is called.
Statement 3: copy
constructor is called.
Statement4: Parametrized
constructor is called.
statement5: Copy
constructor is called.
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
float marks;
public:
student( )
// Default Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
student(int roll, char nam[20],
float mar)
// Parametrized Constructor
{ rollno=roll;
strcpy(name, nam);
marks =mar; }
student( student & s) // Copy
Constructor
{ rollno= s.rollno;
strcpy(name, s.name);
marks =s.marks;
}
}
void main()
{
student s1; //statement1
student s2( 1, “RAJESH”, 450); //
statemet2
student s3(s2); //statement3
student s4(2, “MOHIT”,320);
//statement4
student s5=s4; //statement5
}
10. COPY CONSTRUCTOR INVOCATION
Case 1: When an object is passed by value to a function: The pass by value method requires a
copy of the passed argument to be created for the function to operate upon. Thus to create the copy
of the passed object, copy constructor is invoked. Example:
Explanation:
As we are passing the
object s6 by value so
when the function call
job is invoked a copy of
stu is created and values
of object s6 are copied to
object stu.
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
float marks;
public:
student( ) // Default Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
student(int roll, char nam[20],
float mar) //Parametrized
{ rollno=roll;
strcpy(name, nam);
marks =mar; }
student( student & s) // Copy
Constructor
{ rollno= s.rollno;
strcpy(name, s.name);
marks =s.marks;
}
}
void job( student stu)
{ }
void main( )
{
student s6(6, “KAPIL”, 245);
job(s6);
}
11. COPY CONSTRUCTOR INVOCATION Contd…..
Case 2: When a function returns an object : When an object is returned by a function the copy
constructor is invoked.
Explanation:
When the function job is
invoked it creates a
temporary object t1 and
then returns it.
At that time the copy
constructor is invoked to
create a copy of the object
t1 returned by job() and its
value is assigned to s7.
The copy constructor
creates a temporary object
to hold the return value of
a function returning an
object.
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
float marks;
public:
student( ) // Default
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
student(int roll, char nam[20],
float mar) // Parametrised
{ rollno=roll;
strcpy(name, nam);
marks =mar;
}
student( student & s) // Copy
Constructor
{ rollno= s.rollno;
strcpy(name, s.name);
marks =s.marks;
}
}
student job( )
{ student t1(12, “AJAY”, 443);
return t1; }
void main( )
{
student s6(6, “KAPIL”, 245);
student s7=job();
}
12. COPY CONSTRUCTOR INVOCATION Contd…..
Case 3: Copy constructor is invoked when the value of one object is copied to another object at the
time of creating an object. In all the other cases copy constructor is not invoked and value of one
object is copied to another object simply data member by data member. Example :
EXPLANATION:
Statement1: default
constructor is called
Statement2: parametrized
constructor is called
Statement 3: copy
constructor is called
statement4: Parametrized
constructor is called
statement5: Copy
constructor is called
statement6: Copy
constructor is not called
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
float marks;
public:
student( ) // Default Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
student(int roll, char nam[20], float
mar) // Parametrized Constructor
{ rollno=roll;
strcpy(name, nam);
marks =mar;
}
student( student & s) // Copy
Constructor
{ rollno= s.rollno;
strcpy(name, s.name);
marks =s.marks;
} }
void main()
{
student s1; //statement1
student s2( 1, “RAJESH”, 450); //
statemet2
student s3(s2); //statement3
student s4(2, “MOHIT”,320);
//statement4
Student s5=s4; //statement5
s1=s5; } // statement6
13. CONSTRUCTOR OVERLOADING
C++ allows more than one constructors to be defined in a single class.
Defining more than one constructors in a single class provided they all differ in either type or
number of argument is called constructor overloading.
In the class student, there are 4
constructors:
1 default constructor,
2 parametrized constructors
and 1 copy constructor.
Defining more than one
constructor in a single class is
called constructor overloading.
We can define as many
parametrized constructors as
we want in a single class
provided they all differ in either
number or type of arguments.
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
float marks;
public:
student( ) // Default Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
student(int roll, char nam[20],
float mar) // Parametrized Constructor
{ rollno=roll;
strcpy(name, nam);
marks =mar;
}
student(int roll, char nam[20]) //
Parametrized Constructor
{ rollno=roll;
strcpy(name, nam);
marks =100;
}
student( student & s) // Copy
Constructor
{ rollno= s.rollno;
strcpy(name, s.name);
marks =s.marks;
}
}
14. DESTRUCTOR
A destructor is a member function whose
name is the same as the class name and
is preceded by tilde(“~”).
It is automatically by the compiler when
an object goes out of scope.
Destructors are usually used to deallocate
memory and do other cleanup for a class
object and its class members when the
object is destroyed.
Note: In this program first the object s1 is
created. At that time constructor is called.
When the program goes over the object
s1 will also go out of scope. At that time
destructor is called.
Example :
class student
{ private:
int rollno;
float marks;
public:
student( ) //Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0; }
~student() //Destructor
{ }
};
void main()
{ student s1;}
15. FEATURES OF DESTRUCTOR
It has the same name as that of the class and preceded by tilde sign(~).
It is automatically by the compiler when an object goes out of scope.
Destructors are usually used to deallocate memory and do other cleanup for
a class object and its class members when the object goes out of scope.
Destructor is always declared in the public section of the class.
We can have only one destructor in a class.
16. POINTS TO REMEMBER
Constructors and destructors do not have return type, not even void nor can they
return values.
The compiler automatically calls constructors when defining class objects and
calls destructors when class objects go out of scope.
Derived classes do not inherit constructors or destructors from their base
classes, but they do call the constructor and destructor of base classes.
The constructor of the base class is called first and then the constructor of the
child class/es.
The destructor for a child class object is called before destructors for base
class/es are called.
If we do not declare our own constructor and destructor in the class, then they
are automatically defined by the compiler.
17. POINTS TO REMEMBER Contd……
I f we declare our own constructor of any one type then it is necessary to define constructors
of other types also otherwise we will not be able to create an object whose constructor
definition is not given in the class.
C++ compiler uses the concept of stack in memory allocation and deallocation. Thus
compiler creates the memory in sequential order and delete the memory in reverse order.
Deallocation
Allocation
x3
x2 x1
Consider the class student declared in the previous slides. If the main
program is as given below then allocation and deallocation of
memory to objects will take place as given in the figure::
void main()
{
student x1, x2, x3;
}
x1
x2
x3
18. EXAMPLE EXPLAINED
OUTPUT
Default constructor called
Parametrized constructor
called
Copy constructor called
Parametrized constructor
called
Copy constructor called
Destructor called
Destructor called
Destructor called
Destructor called
Destructor called
class student
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
float marks;
public:
student( ) // Default Constructor
{ rollno=0; marks=0.0;
cout<<“Default constructor calledn”; }
student(int roll, char nam[20], float mar)
// Parametrized Constructor
{ rollno=roll;
strcpy(name, nam);
marks =mar;
cout<<“Parametrized constructor
calledn”;
}
student( student & s) // Copy
Constructor
{ rollno= s.rollno;
strcpy(name, s.name);
marks =s.marks;
cout<<“copy constructor
calledn”;
}
~student() //Destructor
{ cout<<“Destructor
calledn”; }
}
void main()
{
student s1;
student s2( 1, “RAJESH”, 450);
student s3(s2);
student s4(2, “MOHIT”,320);
student s5=s4; }