The document discusses the basics of well logging design. It includes an agenda for a one-day course that covers basic logging theory, interpretation, logging program design, and a workshop. The objectives are to familiarize participants with various log measurements, well evaluation strategies, and approaches to well logging design. Key logging topics covered include definitions, history, measurement principles for resistivity, spontaneous potential, gamma ray, density, neutron, and acoustic logs. Interpretation applications and limitations are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of well log interpretation. It discusses how well logs are used to answer key questions about hydrocarbon-bearing formations like location, quantity, and producibility. The interpretation process involves identifying permeable zones using logs like SP and GR, then using resistivity and porosity logs to locate zones with hydrocarbons. Formations are further evaluated to determine porosity, fluid saturations, and other properties through techniques like density-neutron crossplots, environmental corrections, and determining formation temperature based on geothermal gradient. The goal is to locate potential producing zones and estimate hydrocarbon quantities and recoverability.
The resistivity log measures the ability of rock formations to conduct electricity. Higher resistivity indicates water-bearing zones while lower resistivity corresponds to hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Resistivity is dependent on factors like porosity, fluid salinity, and lithology. Resistivity logs are used to identify hydrocarbon zones, permeable layers, and estimate porosity. Log interpretation provides values for parameters like porosity, water saturation, and lithology which can then be used to calculate reserves and map reservoir characteristics.
This presentation discusses neutron logs and their use in well log interpretation. Neutron logs measure the hydrogen index of formations using detectors that count slowed neutrons deflected back from hydrogen nuclei after being emitted from a radioactive source. They can be used both qualitatively to identify lithologies and quantitatively to calculate porosity. When combined with density logs on a cross-plot, the neutron-density combination is an effective tool for lithology indication and identifying clean formations, shales, and evaporites. Calibration is required using blocks of known porosity. Applications include porosity evaluation, identifying hydrocarbon gas effects, and accounting for shale effects.
The document provides information about well logging techniques. It discusses how the borehole and surrounding rock can be invaded by drilling mud, affecting measurements. It describes the invaded zone and different resistivity measurements that can be taken. It then discusses various well logging tools - gamma ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, density, neutron, and sonic logs - and how they are used to evaluate properties like lithology, porosity, fluid content, and hydrocarbon saturation.
1) The document discusses methods for calculating water saturation (SW) and formation water resistivity (RW) using well log data and interactive petrophysics programs.
2) It describes various models and techniques for determining SW, such as Archie's equation, Rwa approach, crossplots, and other empirical models. It also discusses six ways to calculate RW, including from Archie's equation, resistivity-porosity crossplots, and direct water sampling.
3) The results section calculates SW using different well log measurements and models, and determines RW from temperature and resistivity crossplots. It concludes by discussing factors that affect the accuracy of SW and RW calculations.
This document provides an overview of conventional wireline logging and formation evaluation. It begins with an introduction to well logging, formation evaluation, and petrophysics. It then outlines an agenda covering various logging tools including temperature, caliper, self-potential, resistivity, gamma ray, sonic, density, and neutron logs. For each tool, it provides details on the measurement principle, log presentation, and applications for formation analysis. The overall document serves as an introduction for understanding well logging methods and their use in characterizing subsurface formations.
The document provides information about resistivity logs including:
1. It discusses factors that affect resistivity like salinity, porosity, lithology, and clay content. It also explains the principles and theoretical considerations of resistivity logs.
2. It describes different resistivity tools like focused devices (Laterolog, Dual Laterolog, Spherically Focused Log) and unfocused devices (Normal Log, Lateral Log). It also discusses micro-resistivity devices.
3. The document discusses log characteristics including depth of investigation, bed resolution, and different scales used in resistivity logs. It explains how resistivity logs can be used for lithology identification, correlation, and permeability determination.
This document provides an overview of well log interpretation. It discusses how well logs are used to answer key questions about hydrocarbon-bearing formations like location, quantity, and producibility. The interpretation process involves identifying permeable zones using logs like SP and GR, then using resistivity and porosity logs to locate zones with hydrocarbons. Formations are further evaluated to determine porosity, fluid saturations, and other properties through techniques like density-neutron crossplots, environmental corrections, and determining formation temperature based on geothermal gradient. The goal is to locate potential producing zones and estimate hydrocarbon quantities and recoverability.
The resistivity log measures the ability of rock formations to conduct electricity. Higher resistivity indicates water-bearing zones while lower resistivity corresponds to hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Resistivity is dependent on factors like porosity, fluid salinity, and lithology. Resistivity logs are used to identify hydrocarbon zones, permeable layers, and estimate porosity. Log interpretation provides values for parameters like porosity, water saturation, and lithology which can then be used to calculate reserves and map reservoir characteristics.
This presentation discusses neutron logs and their use in well log interpretation. Neutron logs measure the hydrogen index of formations using detectors that count slowed neutrons deflected back from hydrogen nuclei after being emitted from a radioactive source. They can be used both qualitatively to identify lithologies and quantitatively to calculate porosity. When combined with density logs on a cross-plot, the neutron-density combination is an effective tool for lithology indication and identifying clean formations, shales, and evaporites. Calibration is required using blocks of known porosity. Applications include porosity evaluation, identifying hydrocarbon gas effects, and accounting for shale effects.
The document provides information about well logging techniques. It discusses how the borehole and surrounding rock can be invaded by drilling mud, affecting measurements. It describes the invaded zone and different resistivity measurements that can be taken. It then discusses various well logging tools - gamma ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, density, neutron, and sonic logs - and how they are used to evaluate properties like lithology, porosity, fluid content, and hydrocarbon saturation.
1) The document discusses methods for calculating water saturation (SW) and formation water resistivity (RW) using well log data and interactive petrophysics programs.
2) It describes various models and techniques for determining SW, such as Archie's equation, Rwa approach, crossplots, and other empirical models. It also discusses six ways to calculate RW, including from Archie's equation, resistivity-porosity crossplots, and direct water sampling.
3) The results section calculates SW using different well log measurements and models, and determines RW from temperature and resistivity crossplots. It concludes by discussing factors that affect the accuracy of SW and RW calculations.
This document provides an overview of conventional wireline logging and formation evaluation. It begins with an introduction to well logging, formation evaluation, and petrophysics. It then outlines an agenda covering various logging tools including temperature, caliper, self-potential, resistivity, gamma ray, sonic, density, and neutron logs. For each tool, it provides details on the measurement principle, log presentation, and applications for formation analysis. The overall document serves as an introduction for understanding well logging methods and their use in characterizing subsurface formations.
The document provides information about resistivity logs including:
1. It discusses factors that affect resistivity like salinity, porosity, lithology, and clay content. It also explains the principles and theoretical considerations of resistivity logs.
2. It describes different resistivity tools like focused devices (Laterolog, Dual Laterolog, Spherically Focused Log) and unfocused devices (Normal Log, Lateral Log). It also discusses micro-resistivity devices.
3. The document discusses log characteristics including depth of investigation, bed resolution, and different scales used in resistivity logs. It explains how resistivity logs can be used for lithology identification, correlation, and permeability determination.
This document discusses caliper logs, which measure the size and shape of a borehole. It describes different types of caliper tools, including multi-finger, dual caliper, and ultrasonic caliper tools. The document explains that caliper logs provide information about borehole shape and volume, mud cake buildup, lithology, and cement volume. More arms on a caliper tool provide more accurate measurements of borehole cross-section and shape. Caliper logs are often run with acoustic or neutron-density logs.
This document discusses principles of well logging. It describes how well logging aims to evaluate subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations through measuring properties in boreholes. It outlines different types of hydrocarbon traps and elements in a petroleum system. It then explains what a well log is and different types of logs used, including gamma ray, resistivity, sonic, and neutron logs. Gamma ray logs specifically measure natural radioactivity to distinguish between lithologies like sandstone and shale. The document provides details on interpreting gamma ray logs and calculating shale volume from gamma ray readings.
This document provides guidance for a quick log analysis by a petrophysicist. It outlines the key sections to include such as well summary, regional geology, strathigraphy, hydrocarbon and pressure analyses. For each test or analysis, it recommends displaying the relevant well logs and providing interpretations to justify conclusions. It also provides examples of how to summarize key information like hydrocarbon shows, test profiles, and pressure analyses. Pressure data can be used to determine reservoir fluid contacts while sonic logs can identify regional overpressure zones. Drilling data is discussed though noted to be more relevant for drilling engineers than geologists.
1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
well logging project report_ongc project studentknigh7
This dissertation report discusses characterizing oil and gas reservoirs using open hole wireline logging tools and techniques. It provides background on reservoir properties that can be measured using logs like resistivity, porosity, and saturation. It also describes the various electrical, radioactive, sonic, and other open hole wireline logging tools and their measurement principles.
Formation evaluation and well log correlationSwapnil Pal
This document provides an overview of well log formation evaluation and interpretation. It discusses the basic well log tools used to measure parameters like gamma ray, resistivity, density, and neutron porosity. It describes qualitative log interpretation to identify reservoir zones, hydrocarbon-bearing zones, and fluid types. The document also covers quantitative interpretation, including calculating porosity, water saturation, and estimating hydrocarbon reserves. In conclusion, well logs provide key information for establishing the existence of producible oil and gas reservoirs, including reservoir type, thickness, porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation.
Presentation-Formation_Evaluation by well logging _ENI.pdfssuser00e626
The document provides an overview of formation evaluation using well logging. It discusses how formation evaluation aims to determine reservoir dimensions, original hydrocarbon in place, and productivity. Well logs measure physical properties like resistivity, density, and radioactivity that are analyzed through petrophysical interpretation to estimate parameters like porosity, permeability, and water saturation. The document outlines different well log tools and applications, principles of resistivity and its relationship to water saturation, and concepts important for well log analysis and interpretation.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
This document provides an overview of formation evaluation techniques used in petroleum exploration and development. It discusses various logging methods like mud logging, coring, open-hole logging using electrical, nuclear and acoustic tools, logging while drilling, formation testing including wireline formation testing and drill stem testing, and cased-hole logging techniques. The goal of formation evaluation is to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves using measurements taken inside the wellbore and interpret physical properties of rocks and contained fluids.
Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas AbbasiUniversity of Sindh
Well logging records measurements made in boreholes to characterize underground formations. Key logs described include gamma ray, which measures natural radioactivity to identify shale; spontaneous potential, which indicates lithology; caliper, which measures borehole size; resistivity, which distinguishes water and hydrocarbon zones; and neutron, which determines porosity. Mud logging continuously monitors drilling mud and cuttings for gas readings. Well testing evaluates reservoir properties through daily tests and drill stem tests to determine flow rates and commercial potential.
Well logs can be states as “a recording against depth of any of the characteristics of the rock formations traversed by a measuring apparatus in the well-bore.”
The document provides an overview of density logging, which measures rock bulk density along a wellbore. It defines density logging, describes the tool and principles behind it, and discusses how density logs can be used to evaluate porosity, lithology, shale compaction, and other geological features. Key applications include porosity calculation, lithology identification when combined with neutron logs, detecting unconformities from changes in shale compaction trends, and identifying lithologies like coal or pyrite from their characteristically low or high densities.
well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapuknigh7
Logging is a process that provides comprehensive formation information through continuously recording parameter measurements with depth. It plays an important role in exploration and production by obtaining resistivity, porosity, and lithology logs to identify hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Different disciplines like drilling, logging, core analysis, and reservoir modeling are interrelated and provide both open and cased hole data. Logs are interpreted to calculate parameters like water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, and effective porosity, with the goal of determining hydrocarbon saturation multiplied by effective porosity in reservoir units. Accurate interpretation requires integration of log data with core analysis and rock physics studies.
The document provides an overview of well logging techniques and tools. It discusses the history of well logging beginning in 1912 and describes some common downhole tools used for well logging including gamma ray, spontaneous potential, neutron, density, resistivity, and acoustic logs. It explains what each tool measures and how the data can be used to evaluate properties of the formation like lithology, porosity, fluid content, and structure for purposes like hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir characterization.
Here are the steps to solve these problems:
1) T at 5000 ft depth = Ts + αD
= 75 + 1.5(5000/100)
= 75 + 75
= 150 F
2) Geothermal gradient = (T2 - T1)/D2 - D1)
= (122 - 80)/2200
= 1.5 °F/100ft
So the geothermal gradient of the sandstone layer is 1.5 °F/100ft.
This document discusses concepts related to well logging. It covers topics like borehole environment, fluid distribution around wells, invasion ratios for different porosity rocks, flushed and uninvaded zones, depth of investigation, formation resistivity, invasion and resistivity profiles, and provides examples of dual laterolog and induction logs through water-bearing and hydrocarbon-bearing zones. The document contains definitions of important parameters and concepts used in well logging and provides explanations for calculating invasion diameters and interpreting well log curves.
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
This document provides information about electrical well logging, including spontaneous potential (SP) and resistivity logs. It discusses what well logging is, the process of wireline logging using measurement sondes lowered into boreholes, and some examples of logging tools. It explains that well logs provide continuous in-situ measurements to determine properties like porosity, lithology, and hydrocarbons. Well logging helps interpret drilling data, extrapolate it between boreholes, and design groundwater systems by providing parameters such as permeability, porosity, and fluid movement.
Prospecting of electrical logging methodPramoda Raj
This document discusses well logging techniques used in geophysical exploration. It describes how electrical logging can be performed to measure currents through electrodes in a logging device to analyze properties of geological formations. Specifically, it covers spontaneous potential, resistivity, and induction logging which are used to identify hydrocarbon-producing zones, define petrophysical parameters, and determine reservoir depth, temperature, and pressure. Different types of electrical logging tools like normal logs, laterologs, and micrologs are also summarized.
This document discusses caliper logs, which measure the size and shape of a borehole. It describes different types of caliper tools, including multi-finger, dual caliper, and ultrasonic caliper tools. The document explains that caliper logs provide information about borehole shape and volume, mud cake buildup, lithology, and cement volume. More arms on a caliper tool provide more accurate measurements of borehole cross-section and shape. Caliper logs are often run with acoustic or neutron-density logs.
This document discusses principles of well logging. It describes how well logging aims to evaluate subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations through measuring properties in boreholes. It outlines different types of hydrocarbon traps and elements in a petroleum system. It then explains what a well log is and different types of logs used, including gamma ray, resistivity, sonic, and neutron logs. Gamma ray logs specifically measure natural radioactivity to distinguish between lithologies like sandstone and shale. The document provides details on interpreting gamma ray logs and calculating shale volume from gamma ray readings.
This document provides guidance for a quick log analysis by a petrophysicist. It outlines the key sections to include such as well summary, regional geology, strathigraphy, hydrocarbon and pressure analyses. For each test or analysis, it recommends displaying the relevant well logs and providing interpretations to justify conclusions. It also provides examples of how to summarize key information like hydrocarbon shows, test profiles, and pressure analyses. Pressure data can be used to determine reservoir fluid contacts while sonic logs can identify regional overpressure zones. Drilling data is discussed though noted to be more relevant for drilling engineers than geologists.
1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
well logging project report_ongc project studentknigh7
This dissertation report discusses characterizing oil and gas reservoirs using open hole wireline logging tools and techniques. It provides background on reservoir properties that can be measured using logs like resistivity, porosity, and saturation. It also describes the various electrical, radioactive, sonic, and other open hole wireline logging tools and their measurement principles.
Formation evaluation and well log correlationSwapnil Pal
This document provides an overview of well log formation evaluation and interpretation. It discusses the basic well log tools used to measure parameters like gamma ray, resistivity, density, and neutron porosity. It describes qualitative log interpretation to identify reservoir zones, hydrocarbon-bearing zones, and fluid types. The document also covers quantitative interpretation, including calculating porosity, water saturation, and estimating hydrocarbon reserves. In conclusion, well logs provide key information for establishing the existence of producible oil and gas reservoirs, including reservoir type, thickness, porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation.
Presentation-Formation_Evaluation by well logging _ENI.pdfssuser00e626
The document provides an overview of formation evaluation using well logging. It discusses how formation evaluation aims to determine reservoir dimensions, original hydrocarbon in place, and productivity. Well logs measure physical properties like resistivity, density, and radioactivity that are analyzed through petrophysical interpretation to estimate parameters like porosity, permeability, and water saturation. The document outlines different well log tools and applications, principles of resistivity and its relationship to water saturation, and concepts important for well log analysis and interpretation.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
This document provides an overview of formation evaluation techniques used in petroleum exploration and development. It discusses various logging methods like mud logging, coring, open-hole logging using electrical, nuclear and acoustic tools, logging while drilling, formation testing including wireline formation testing and drill stem testing, and cased-hole logging techniques. The goal of formation evaluation is to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves using measurements taken inside the wellbore and interpret physical properties of rocks and contained fluids.
Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas AbbasiUniversity of Sindh
Well logging records measurements made in boreholes to characterize underground formations. Key logs described include gamma ray, which measures natural radioactivity to identify shale; spontaneous potential, which indicates lithology; caliper, which measures borehole size; resistivity, which distinguishes water and hydrocarbon zones; and neutron, which determines porosity. Mud logging continuously monitors drilling mud and cuttings for gas readings. Well testing evaluates reservoir properties through daily tests and drill stem tests to determine flow rates and commercial potential.
Well logs can be states as “a recording against depth of any of the characteristics of the rock formations traversed by a measuring apparatus in the well-bore.”
The document provides an overview of density logging, which measures rock bulk density along a wellbore. It defines density logging, describes the tool and principles behind it, and discusses how density logs can be used to evaluate porosity, lithology, shale compaction, and other geological features. Key applications include porosity calculation, lithology identification when combined with neutron logs, detecting unconformities from changes in shale compaction trends, and identifying lithologies like coal or pyrite from their characteristically low or high densities.
well logging tools and exercise_dileep p allavarapuknigh7
Logging is a process that provides comprehensive formation information through continuously recording parameter measurements with depth. It plays an important role in exploration and production by obtaining resistivity, porosity, and lithology logs to identify hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Different disciplines like drilling, logging, core analysis, and reservoir modeling are interrelated and provide both open and cased hole data. Logs are interpreted to calculate parameters like water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, and effective porosity, with the goal of determining hydrocarbon saturation multiplied by effective porosity in reservoir units. Accurate interpretation requires integration of log data with core analysis and rock physics studies.
The document provides an overview of well logging techniques and tools. It discusses the history of well logging beginning in 1912 and describes some common downhole tools used for well logging including gamma ray, spontaneous potential, neutron, density, resistivity, and acoustic logs. It explains what each tool measures and how the data can be used to evaluate properties of the formation like lithology, porosity, fluid content, and structure for purposes like hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir characterization.
Here are the steps to solve these problems:
1) T at 5000 ft depth = Ts + αD
= 75 + 1.5(5000/100)
= 75 + 75
= 150 F
2) Geothermal gradient = (T2 - T1)/D2 - D1)
= (122 - 80)/2200
= 1.5 °F/100ft
So the geothermal gradient of the sandstone layer is 1.5 °F/100ft.
This document discusses concepts related to well logging. It covers topics like borehole environment, fluid distribution around wells, invasion ratios for different porosity rocks, flushed and uninvaded zones, depth of investigation, formation resistivity, invasion and resistivity profiles, and provides examples of dual laterolog and induction logs through water-bearing and hydrocarbon-bearing zones. The document contains definitions of important parameters and concepts used in well logging and provides explanations for calculating invasion diameters and interpreting well log curves.
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
This document provides information about electrical well logging, including spontaneous potential (SP) and resistivity logs. It discusses what well logging is, the process of wireline logging using measurement sondes lowered into boreholes, and some examples of logging tools. It explains that well logs provide continuous in-situ measurements to determine properties like porosity, lithology, and hydrocarbons. Well logging helps interpret drilling data, extrapolate it between boreholes, and design groundwater systems by providing parameters such as permeability, porosity, and fluid movement.
Prospecting of electrical logging methodPramoda Raj
This document discusses well logging techniques used in geophysical exploration. It describes how electrical logging can be performed to measure currents through electrodes in a logging device to analyze properties of geological formations. Specifically, it covers spontaneous potential, resistivity, and induction logging which are used to identify hydrocarbon-producing zones, define petrophysical parameters, and determine reservoir depth, temperature, and pressure. Different types of electrical logging tools like normal logs, laterologs, and micrologs are also summarized.
A small presentation about wireline logs, showing their function or the technology that they use.
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Petroleum Geology II, Winter Semester 2013/2014.
This document provides an overview of well logging techniques. It introduces well logging and describes the borehole environment. It then outlines the main types of well logging as electrical, radioactivity, sonic, and miscellaneous. The document focuses on electrical well logging, describing the resistivity, self-potential, and induction methods. For resistivity logging, it explains tools such as normal/lateral logs, micrologs, laterologs, microlaterologs, and proximity logs. It also discusses using resistivity to determine saturation, flushed zones, and mud filtrate invasion profiles.
Well logging and interpretation techniques asin b000bhl7ouAhmed Raafat
This document provides an introduction to sedimentary rock properties for well log interpretation. It discusses how sedimentary rocks form from the weathering and alteration of existing rocks. Sedimentary rocks are composed mainly of minerals stable under normal surface conditions and may be classified as mechanically or chemically derived. Mechanical rocks include sandstones and conglomerates, while chemical rocks include carbonates and evaporites. Well logs are useful for characterizing sedimentary rocks and pore fluids in order to understand petroleum reservoirs.
Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
The document discusses the chlorite group of minerals. Chlorites are phyllosilicate minerals with a 2:1 sandwich structure composed of a tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral layer and an interlayer of (Mg2+, Fe3+)(OH)6. Common chlorite minerals include clinochlore and chamosite. Chlorites form in low-temperature metamorphic rocks, igneous rocks, and sediments. They are also associated with hydrothermal ore deposits. Chlorites have a range of uses including extracting chlorine and as gemstones.
This document provides an overview of basic well logging design, including:
- An agenda for a one-day course on well logging that includes lectures, breaks, and a workshop
- Objectives of familiarizing participants with log measurements, interpreting lithology and fluid types, understanding factors affecting logs, and designing well logging programs
- A definition of well logs as continuous depth records of formation properties acquired by lowering measurement tools into boreholes
Well Log Interpretation and Petrophysical Analisis in [Autosaved]Ridho Nanda Pratama
PT. Halliburton Logging Service is a branch of Halliburton that provides completion and production services, drilling, and reservoir evaluation to oil companies in Sumatra, Indonesia. Dery Marsan and Ridho Nanda Pratama completed an on-job training program at Halliburton from August to September 2015. Their project involved well log analysis to determine water saturation and the most suitable water resistivity parameters in two formations, with the objectives of identifying water zones, evaluating challenges around determining petrophysical parameters, and analyzing well data. Their analysis identified both water-bearing and possible oil-bearing zones through evaluation of gamma ray, resistivity, neutron-density crossplots, and other well logs.
Well logs are obtained by lowering measuring tools into wells to record properties of rock formations. They provide a signature of physical characteristics like porosity, lithology, and fluid saturation. Common logs measure resistivity, spontaneous potential, gamma radiation, neutrons, sonic velocity, and nuclear magnetic resonance to interpret rock and fluid properties. Logs can be open or cased hole and employ natural or induced phenomena to characterize formations.
This document discusses various geophysical well logging methods used to delineate aquifers and estimate water quality, including resistivity, spontaneous potential, radioactivity, neutron, temperature, and fluid resistivity logging. Resistivity logging measures the resistivity of formations and can help determine lithology, porosity, and fluid salinity. Spontaneous potential logging indicates bed boundaries and distinguishes shale from permeable rocks. Radioactivity logging uses natural gamma rays or gamma-gamma techniques to identify lithology and determine porosity. Neutron logging measures hydrogen content to estimate porosity and moisture levels. Temperature and fluid resistivity logging provide additional information about groundwater. These geophysical logs provide critical subsurface data for groundwater exploration and management.
Mallikarjun A.H submitted a seminar on subsurface investigation of groundwater to Ms. Smitha T.L at Kuvempu University's Department of P.G Studies and Research in Applied Geology. The seminar covered various subsurface methods for groundwater exploration, including test drilling techniques like geological logging, drilling time logging, and water level measurements. It also discussed borehole geophysical logging methods such as resistivity logging, spontaneous potential logging, and radiation logging techniques like natural gamma, gamma-gamma, and neutron logging. The seminar provided details on each technique's application and limitations.
Prospecting by radioactivity logging methodsPramoda Raj
This document discusses various well logging methods used in geophysical exploration, specifically focusing on radioactivity logging. It describes four main types of radioactivity logs: gamma ray logs, neutron-gamma ray logs, pulsed neutron logs, and formation density logs. Gamma ray logs measure natural radioactivity to characterize rock formations. Neutron-gamma ray logs measure induced radioactivity to evaluate porosity. Pulsed neutron logs can distinguish between oil, water, and gas, and are not influenced by borehole conditions. Formation density logs measure gamma ray energy loss to determine formation density and porosity. The document provides details on the principles and applications of each method.
This document discusses well log formation evaluations. It outlines the key information that can be obtained from well logs, including rock type, properties, fluids, and engineering details. It then describes the various types of well logs that can be run, including lithologic logs (SP, gamma ray), porosity logs (neutron, density, sonic), resistivity logs, and others. The document explains how each log works and the parameters it measures. It also discusses log applications for correlation, modeling, and more. Finally, it covers the logging operation and considerations for running logs in vertical and horizontal wells.
Deterministic Petrophysic by Senergy.pptRickySitinjak
The document discusses the workflow for evaluating well logs to determine lithology and clay volume. It describes how gamma ray, resistivity, neutron-density crossplots and other logs can be used to identify lithology and estimate clay volume. It emphasizes comparing log interpretations to core data and selecting appropriate parameters that may vary with zone or formation properties. Integrating different data types is important for a robust evaluation.
1) The document discusses formation evaluation techniques based on well logging data to determine reservoir properties.
2) Quick qualitative log analysis can indicate reservoir rock type, hydrocarbon presence, and fluid type. Quantitative deterministic analysis estimates properties like porosity, saturation, and reserves.
3) Key logs measure resistivity, gamma radiation, density, and sonic velocity. Petrophysical models integrate logs to interpret lithology, fluid contacts, and hydrocarbon volumes.
Well logging involves lowering instruments into boreholes to record properties of rock formations. It provides critical information for oil and gas, groundwater, and mineral exploration. Key logs measure natural gamma radiation, electrical resistivity, acoustic properties, and nuclear properties like neutron count. Together these logs characterize porosity, lithology, fluid content and other formation features. Well logging has evolved significantly since the first electric log in 1927, with new tools, digital acquisition, and measurement-while-drilling capabilities. It remains a core technology for understanding subsurface geology.
This document summarizes subsurface investigation methods for groundwater exploration, including test drilling and borehole geophysical logging techniques. Test drilling methods collect samples and logs to characterize subsurface geology and identify aquifers. Geophysical logging lowers sensor tools to measure physical properties like resistivity, natural radiation, and temperature that indicate lithology, porosity, and groundwater flow. These subsurface techniques provide detailed data for groundwater exploration but are more expensive than surface methods.
This document discusses well logging techniques used to determine rock properties. It describes how porosity, permeability, and fluid content can be measured through different logging methods, including gamma ray, resistivity, density, and sonic logs. Well logs provide critical information on lithology, stratigraphy, porosity, fluid saturation, and other properties important for reservoir modeling and structural analysis. The document provides details on various logging tools and techniques and how they are used to evaluate properties like shale content, fluid type, and hydrocarbon presence.
The document discusses the classification of well logs. It explains that logs can be classified based on their technology (open hole vs cased hole logs) or their function (lithology, electrical, porosity, nuclear logs). Open hole logs are run before casing while cased hole logs are done after casing through the metal piping. Various logging tools are described, including gamma ray, resistivity, density, neutron, and sonic logs which provide data on formation properties like lithology, porosity, and fluid content. Nuclear logs using gamma rays and neutrons can evaluate formations through casing as well.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Coures-Formation Evalution for petroleum Engineering -heriot watt university.pdfAdnanAhmadJadoon
The document provides information on formation evaluation for petroleum engineering. It discusses the history of well logging, beginning with the first well log created in 1927 in France. It describes various well logging tools and techniques, including wireline logging, logging while drilling (LWD), and measurement while drilling (MWD). The document also covers log data acquisition and transmission methods. Additionally, it discusses key concepts in formation evaluation like reservoir and geological modeling, porosity, permeability, saturation, and fluid properties. The objectives of formation evaluation are outlined as understanding rock properties, principles of wireline logging tools, log interpretation, and quantifying parameters like porosity, lithology, fluid saturation and permeability.
The document describes various wireline well logs used in the petroleum industry. It discusses the following logs:
1. Caliper log which measures borehole width and is useful for determining hole volume and identifying zones of cave-in or washout.
2. Gamma ray log which detects natural gamma ray emissions to distinguish between radioactive shale and "clean" lithologies. It allows for well-to-well correlations.
3. Spontaneous potential log which measures voltage differences related to permeability, identifying permeable reservoirs and depositional environments.
4. Resistivity log which measures electrical resistivity of the formation to determine fluid content, with longer electrode spacings penetrating further into the formation.
The document describes various wireline well logs used in the petroleum industry. It discusses the following logs:
1. Caliper log which measures borehole width and is useful for determining hole volume and identifying zones of cave-in or washout.
2. Gamma ray log which detects natural gamma radiation from potassium, uranium, and thorium in formations to distinguish between shale and clean lithologies.
3. Spontaneous potential log which measures voltage differences between electrodes to identify permeable zones by detecting mobile ions in formation fluids.
4. Resistivity log which measures electrical resistivity of formations to determine fluid content, with shorter electrode spacing evaluating invaded zones and longer or induction logs approximating un
The document provides an overview of well logging terminology, techniques, history, and applications. Key points include:
- Well logging involves lowering instruments into boreholes to evaluate subsurface formations and includes tools like density, neutron, and gamma ray logs.
- Major types are wireline logs run after drilling and logging-while-drilling tools integrated into the drill string.
- Well logging plays a central role in hydrocarbon exploration and development by determining lithology, porosity, fluid content, and other formation properties.
- Advancements over time include the first electrical logs in the 1920s, development of continuous recording in the 1930s, and logging-while-drilling in the 1980s.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
4. According to
4th Edition of J.A.Jackson’s Glossary of Geology:
Log : A continuous record as a function of depth,
usually graphic and plotted to scale on a narrow
paper strip, of observations made on the rocks
and fluids of the geologic section exposed in
the well-bore.
DefinitionDefinition
16. Resistivity is the key to hydrocarbon saturation determination
Resistivity ApplicationResistivity Application
Water Saturation Estimation
Archie’s Equation
Sw =
F * Rw
Rt
SW - Water saturation
Rw - Formation water resistivity
Rt - True Formation resistivity
( )
1/n
where F =
1.0
Por
m
Sh = 1 - Sw
Resistivity is also used for well to well correlation, and to pick fluid contacts
F - Formation factor
n - Saturation exponent
m - Cementation factor
19. Spontaneous Potential (SP)Spontaneous Potential (SP)
20
40 mV
7470
7430
Given:
Rmf = 0.51 at 135 F
Rm = 0.91 at 135 F
TD = 8007 ft
Bottom hole temp.= 135 F
Surface temp. = 60 F
Determine Rw ?
SP
Limitation
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
Between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection
20. Rw calculation from SP logRw calculation from SP log
SSP = -K log
Rmfe
Rwe
Steps of Calculation;
- Determine Temperature at Depth of interval
- Correct Rm and Rmf to this temperature (gen-9)
- Determine SP (log) from shale baseline
- Correct SP to SSP using SP thickness corr. chart
- Determine Rmf/Rwe ratio using SP-1 chart
- Determine Rwe from above equation or SP-1 chart
- Correct Rwe to Rw using SP-2 chart
26. Natural Gamma Ray Log (NGT)Natural Gamma Ray Log (NGT)
• NGT tool measures the spectrum of
Potasium,Uranium, and Thorium
• NGT log is used for;
- Study of Depositional Environments
- Geochemical logging
- Shale typing
- Source Rocks
- Diagenetic History
- Vclay content correction
• With combination of Photoelectric curve can be
used for clay and mica type identification
30. Density LogDensity Log
Main categories in the process of GR energy loss due to
collisions with other atomic particles:
Compton Scattering is selected to be the energy level to
generate GR of the Cesium 137 radioactive source at 662 keV
43. Special ToolsSpecial Tools
• Resistivity Based Imaging Tool
- Pad device on 4 to 6 arm caliper, few mm resolution
- Application: Thin bed Evaluation, Dip meter,
Paleostream direction, fracture evaluation, stratigraphy.
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Using Permanent magnet to realign hydrogen protons to new
magnetic field, a Lithology dependance porosity, saturartion
and permeability estimation
• Dipole Shear Sonic
- Shear measurement, AVO and Rock mechanics applications
• Borehole sonic imaging
- Acustic based bore hole imaging for 360 deg coverage, lower
resolution than resistivity based imaging tools.
44. Special ToolsSpecial Tools continued
• Modular Formation Test
- Very robust formation tester with the capability to take
unlimited pressure tests, pump the fluid into the borehole,
identify the fluid type before sampling
• Wellbore Seismic
- VSP: Vertical seismic profile surface guns, wellbore detectors
- SAT: Seismic acquisition tool
- WST: Well seismic tool
- DSA: Downhole seismic array tool (3 axis geophones)
46. Log and Seismic Tie EffortLog and Seismic Tie Effort
• Log Data Validation
‐ Check the log quality
‐ See if there is any missing log data
‐ Determine whether sonic peaks/anomalies representing formation
• Log editing
• Velocity Correction Sonic over VSP (using 4‐2 msec resolution)
• Synthetic Seismic Generation
‐ Acoustic Impedance
‐ Convolution Wavelet to tie seismic and log peaks
* Extracted Wavelet ‐ to utilize wavelet as seen in the seismic
it is highly recommended (similar apperance)
* Rickr Wavelet ‐ commonly used to have zero phase
57. • Porosity
• Water Saturation
• Permeability
Fluid types
• Fluid contacts
• Lithology
• Dip angle
• Velocity
Basic Log InterpretationBasic Log Interpretation Continued
Typical properties implied or estimated from
the log Measurements:
58. Porosity =
Volume of pores
Total Volume of Rock
Porosity is estimated using one or combination of
the followings; - Density
- Neutron
- Sonic
Combination of three inputs will get better estimate
Porosity = “Storage Capacity”
POR = (DENmatrix – DENlog)/(DENmatrix – DENfluid)
Density Porosity:
Petrophysical PropertiesPetrophysical Properties
59. SW =
Formation Water in the pores
Total pore space in the rock
Water Saturation is estimated using combination of
the followings; - Porosity
- Resistivity
It requires formation factor and saturation index
derived from core analysis, and formation water resistivity
Petrophysical PropertiesPetrophysical Properties
Archie’s Equation
Sw =
1/Por * Rw
Rt
SW - Water saturation
Rw - Formation water resistivity
Rt - True Formation resistivity
( )
1/n
n - Saturation exponent
m - Cementation factor
m
60. Permeability Estimation from Logs
K=
93 * Por
Swi
Permeability (K) is a measure of rock property to get the fluid passes through the rock.
The equations are based on empirical study, accurate K estimation can be obtained from
formation test, drillstem test (DST) or from core analysis
( )2.2 2
K=
250 * Por
Swi
( )3 2
Timur’s
Tixier’s
where Swi = Irreducible water saturation
Petrophysical PropertiesPetrophysical Properties
64. RES
0.1 100
Fluid and Lithology Identification From the LogsFluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs
Oil-Water Contact
Gas-Oil Contact
Water filled Sand
Water filled Sand
Water filled Sand
Oil Sand
Gas Sand
Coal
Carbonate/Limestone
65. How Can We Remember These Easily?How Can We Remember These Easily?
About Lithology Interpretation
• Claystone ‐ has large amount of water, and radioactive materials, is denser when it has
less water, is not harder than limestone and is very conductive.
• Sandstone‐ is less dense than limestone, has less water than clay, contain more water
than limestone except when it is saturated with dry gas, its conductivity is depending on
fluid type it contains, has small to none radioactive fragments.
• Limestone ‐ is harder than both clay and sand, contains least water of the three, very
resistive, it has low radioactivity materials, fast velocity, high density.
• Coal ‐ Normaly low radioactive, rarely radioactive, lowest density and very resistive
66. How Can We Remember These Easily?How Can We Remember These Easily?
About Fluid Interpretation
• High Radioactivity ‐ High GR
• Very Conductive ‐ Low Resistivity
• High Water ‐ High Neutron and Low Resistivity
• High Gas ‐ Low Neutron and High Resistivity
• High Oil ‐ Higher Neutron than Gas, denser
than gas Less Neutron than water,
less dense than water, more
resistive than water, less‐
resistive than gas when other
properties are the same
• Dry Gas ‐ Very resistive, largest density
neutron crossover
• High GOR ‐ Larger density‐neutron crossover
than oil with low GOR
• Fresh Water ‐ Reservoir filled with high resistive water
68. How Is Log Analysis Calibrated?How Is Log Analysis Calibrated?
• Core Data
Routie Core Analysis - For Porosity and Permeability Calibration
Special Core Analysis - For detailed rock and fluid properties such as
X Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Petrophysical
parameters (a,m and n determination), PVT, Gas Analysis and finger
prints of fluid samples, and etc.
• Formation Test
Fluid Identification from the logs is not direct, when the parameters are
not well established, formation test fluid samples can be used to
calibrate fluid identification using the logs. Formation test is also used
when possible log response anomalies encountered to get conclusive
fluid identification.
69. Modern Formation For Fluid IdentificationModern Formation For Fluid Identification
Single Probe Module
Hydraulic Power ModuleHydraulic Power Module
Electric Power Module
Fluid Description ModuleFluid Description Module
MDT String Configuration
Multi sample ChambersMulti sample Chambers
Test ProbeTest Probe
Large sample ChamberLarge sample Chamber
73. OFA Spectrometer
How Can We Differenciate Fluid Types ?How Can We Differenciate Fluid Types ?
Diesel
Fuel
Oil
Mud
Filtrate
Crude Oil A
Crude Oil B
Water
Visible Near infra-red
0.0
4.0
OpticalDensity
500 1000 1500 2000
Wave Length - (NM)
82. Depth of Investigation and ResolutionDepth of Investigation and Resolution
of Logging Toolsof Logging Tools
0 cm50 cm100 cm150 cm200 cm250 cm
2 cm
5 cm
60 cm
20 cm
30 cm
40 cm
80 cm
80 cm
Dipmeter
Micro resistivity
Micro log
Sonic
Density
Gamma-ray
Neutron
Laterolog
Induction
log
Resistivity
Radioactivity
Acoustic
Resistivity
Depth of Investigation
Resolution
83. AIT SDT LDT CNT SGT LEH TCC AMS
Additional combinable tools:
- Dipmeter
- Magnetic Resonance
- Borehole Imager
- Dipole Sonic
- Formation Tester
- Others
Tools Size and Measuring point for TypicalTools Size and Measuring point for Typical
Oil Based Mud EnvironmentOil Based Mud EnvironmentInduction
Sonic
Density
Neutron
GR
Measuring point from
the bottom of the tool
Tool Length
This slide helps you to configure the tool string that is appropriate for your well
88. SP Log LimitationsSP Log Limitations
The tool is only for water based borehole environment
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection
GR Log LimitationsGR Log Limitations
Standard GR tool is not reliable when you log an interval with radioactive
mineral rich rocks. NGT is recommended to use for this type of
Formation to get reliable GR derived clay volume calculation.
GR measurements in cased hole environment need to be normalized
due to casing, and cement attenuation
Density Log LimitationsDensity Log Limitations
Density log is a pad device, it is very sensitive to the pad contact with
The borehole wall, make sure to consult with your petrophysicist prior to
using the data for any other applications.
89. Neutron Log LimitationsNeutron Log Limitations
Neutron log is very sensitive to environment change; bore hole size,
mud cake, mud weight, temperature, stand-off, invasion, pressure and
formation salinity, measurement is compensation of far and near count
rates.
Sonic Log LimitationsSonic Log Limitations
Sonic log is likely affected by strong attenuation when we log
unconsolidated formation, fractured formation, gas saturated reservoirs,
aerated muds, rugose and enlarged borehole sections. Typically shows
some curve skippings.
Formation Test Log LimitationsFormation Test Log Limitations
Formation test problems normally occur when you don not have a good
Rubber pad seal, causing a communication with the mud giving you much
Higher pressure reading. Depleted and highly invaded zone would cause
long fluid pumping before you get clean sample or fluid identification