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Katherine Straznickas, Ph.D. & Bev Lehr, 
Ph.D.
• In the teens to 20’s – relationships matter more than ever 
with peers assuming as much or more importance than 
family 
• Combine interpersonal stress with self-criticalness 
• Result is depression
• Being self-critical makes us sensitive to anything that we 
think we are doing wrong 
• We become overly responsible for events around us 
• We are sensitive to others and feel easily rejected by 
them 
• “Nobody wants to be my _________ (friend, girlfriend, 
boyfriend)”
• We have a million good ideas 
• Our good ideas are not positively embraced 
• Our good ideas don’t help quickly enough when they are 
tried
• More hostile emotion is expressed 
• The depressed person – “you don’t understand me” 
• The friends and family - “you’re not trying” 
• Frustration and helplessness and self-blame are shared
• People might get physically ill 
• People might become (more) anxious and depressed 
• Friends and family start getting advice from others 
• “If this was my son …” 
• “If this was my wife …”
• We want to regain a balanced system 
• We want to feel understood and respected for our 
autonomy if depressed 
• We want to feel helpful if we are friends and family 
• We want to feel loved and to have our love and caring 
received by the other person
• Nonjudgmental communication 
• Getting help for ourselves if we need it 
• Setting limits or confronting from a place of love and 
caring
• Overly general 
• Internally focused 
• Rigid/perseverative
• Specific 
• Takes external factors into account 
• Flexible
• “Maybe next time you could ask me first before 
you make a decision like that.”
• “Jessica got an A on the test because she 
doesn’t have a social life: what a nerd.”
• “I probably messed that up.”
“I’m sorry I’m late: traffic was terrible.”
• “I guess I don’t know which place to go for a nice 
dinner.”
• “Jessica got an A on the test because she is 
smarter than me.”
• “I’m sorry I’m late, I couldn’t seem to get 
organized this morning.”
• “I wish you could remember that I don’t like 
pizza.”
• “Which movie do you want to see?”
• A depressed person is having a hard time finishing tasks 
at work. The boss is not depressed. 
• How might they communicate if they were both being 
critical? 
• The person with depression is self-critical and the boss is critical of 
the worker. 
What if they were not being critical of themselves or each other?
• Websites: 
• Welcome to Families for Depression Awareness | Waltham, MA 
• Expressed emotion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 
• http://depressiontoolkit.org/family-friends-caregivers/ 
Papers: 
Auerbach, RP & Moon-Ho, RH (2012). A Cognitive-Interpersonal 
Model of Adolescent Depression: The Impact of Family Conflict and 
Depressogenic Cognitive Styles. Journal of Clinical Child & 
Adolescent Psychology. 41:6, 792-802. 
Auerbach, RP, Moon-Ho, RH & Kim, JC (2014). Identifying Cognitive 
and Interpersonal Predictors of Adolescent Depression. Journal of 
Abnormal Child Psychology. 42: 913-924.
• Burkhouse, KL, Uhrlass, DJ, Stone, LB, Knopik, VS & 
Gibb, B (2012) Expressed Emotion-Criticism and Risk of 
Depression Onset in Children. Journal of Clinical Child & 
Adolescent Psychology. 41:6, 771-777.
• Collazzoni, A, Capanna, C, Bustini, M, Stratta, P, Ragusa, 
M, Marino, A & Rossi, A. (2014). Humiliation and 
Interpersonal Sensitivity in Depression. Journal of 
Affective Disorders. 167: 224-227. 
• Cruwys, T, Dingle, GA, Haslam, C, Haslam, SA, Jetten, J 
& Morton, TA (2013). Social Group Memberships Protect 
Against Future Depression, Alleviate Depression 
Symptoms, and Prevent Depression Relapse. Social 
Science and Medicine. 98: 179-186. 
• Haeffel, GJ, Gibb, BE, Metalsky, GI, Alloy, LB, Abramson, 
LY, Hankin, BL, Joiner Jr., TE & Swendsen, JD (2008). 
Measuring Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression: 
Development and Validation of the Cognitive Style 
Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology Review. 28: 824-836.
• O’Shea, G, Spence, SH & Donovan, CL (2013). 
Interpersonal Factors Associated with Depression in 
Adolescents: Are These Consistent with Theories 
Underpinning Interpersonal Psychotherapy? Clinical 
Psychology and Psychotherapy. 10.1002. 
• Sobieraj, M, Williams, J, Marley, J & Ryan, P (1998) The 
Impact of Depression on the Physical Health of Family 
Members. British Journal of General Practice. 48: 1653- 
1655. 
• Sumner, JA, Griffith, JW, Mineka, S, Rekart, KN, Zinbarg, 
RE & Craske, MG (2011) Overgeneral Autobiographical 
Memory and Chronic Interpersonal Stress as Predictors 
of the Course of Depression in Adolescents. Cognition & 
Emotion. 25:1, 183-192.

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  • 1. Katherine Straznickas, Ph.D. & Bev Lehr, Ph.D.
  • 2. • In the teens to 20’s – relationships matter more than ever with peers assuming as much or more importance than family • Combine interpersonal stress with self-criticalness • Result is depression
  • 3. • Being self-critical makes us sensitive to anything that we think we are doing wrong • We become overly responsible for events around us • We are sensitive to others and feel easily rejected by them • “Nobody wants to be my _________ (friend, girlfriend, boyfriend)”
  • 4. • We have a million good ideas • Our good ideas are not positively embraced • Our good ideas don’t help quickly enough when they are tried
  • 5. • More hostile emotion is expressed • The depressed person – “you don’t understand me” • The friends and family - “you’re not trying” • Frustration and helplessness and self-blame are shared
  • 6. • People might get physically ill • People might become (more) anxious and depressed • Friends and family start getting advice from others • “If this was my son …” • “If this was my wife …”
  • 7. • We want to regain a balanced system • We want to feel understood and respected for our autonomy if depressed • We want to feel helpful if we are friends and family • We want to feel loved and to have our love and caring received by the other person
  • 8. • Nonjudgmental communication • Getting help for ourselves if we need it • Setting limits or confronting from a place of love and caring
  • 9. • Overly general • Internally focused • Rigid/perseverative
  • 10. • Specific • Takes external factors into account • Flexible
  • 11. • “Maybe next time you could ask me first before you make a decision like that.”
  • 12. • “Jessica got an A on the test because she doesn’t have a social life: what a nerd.”
  • 13. • “I probably messed that up.”
  • 14. “I’m sorry I’m late: traffic was terrible.”
  • 15. • “I guess I don’t know which place to go for a nice dinner.”
  • 16. • “Jessica got an A on the test because she is smarter than me.”
  • 17. • “I’m sorry I’m late, I couldn’t seem to get organized this morning.”
  • 18. • “I wish you could remember that I don’t like pizza.”
  • 19. • “Which movie do you want to see?”
  • 20. • A depressed person is having a hard time finishing tasks at work. The boss is not depressed. • How might they communicate if they were both being critical? • The person with depression is self-critical and the boss is critical of the worker. What if they were not being critical of themselves or each other?
  • 21. • Websites: • Welcome to Families for Depression Awareness | Waltham, MA • Expressed emotion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • http://depressiontoolkit.org/family-friends-caregivers/ Papers: Auerbach, RP & Moon-Ho, RH (2012). A Cognitive-Interpersonal Model of Adolescent Depression: The Impact of Family Conflict and Depressogenic Cognitive Styles. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 41:6, 792-802. Auerbach, RP, Moon-Ho, RH & Kim, JC (2014). Identifying Cognitive and Interpersonal Predictors of Adolescent Depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 42: 913-924.
  • 22. • Burkhouse, KL, Uhrlass, DJ, Stone, LB, Knopik, VS & Gibb, B (2012) Expressed Emotion-Criticism and Risk of Depression Onset in Children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 41:6, 771-777.
  • 23. • Collazzoni, A, Capanna, C, Bustini, M, Stratta, P, Ragusa, M, Marino, A & Rossi, A. (2014). Humiliation and Interpersonal Sensitivity in Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 167: 224-227. • Cruwys, T, Dingle, GA, Haslam, C, Haslam, SA, Jetten, J & Morton, TA (2013). Social Group Memberships Protect Against Future Depression, Alleviate Depression Symptoms, and Prevent Depression Relapse. Social Science and Medicine. 98: 179-186. • Haeffel, GJ, Gibb, BE, Metalsky, GI, Alloy, LB, Abramson, LY, Hankin, BL, Joiner Jr., TE & Swendsen, JD (2008). Measuring Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression: Development and Validation of the Cognitive Style Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology Review. 28: 824-836.
  • 24. • O’Shea, G, Spence, SH & Donovan, CL (2013). Interpersonal Factors Associated with Depression in Adolescents: Are These Consistent with Theories Underpinning Interpersonal Psychotherapy? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 10.1002. • Sobieraj, M, Williams, J, Marley, J & Ryan, P (1998) The Impact of Depression on the Physical Health of Family Members. British Journal of General Practice. 48: 1653- 1655. • Sumner, JA, Griffith, JW, Mineka, S, Rekart, KN, Zinbarg, RE & Craske, MG (2011) Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory and Chronic Interpersonal Stress as Predictors of the Course of Depression in Adolescents. Cognition & Emotion. 25:1, 183-192.