Presentation by Beverly Lehr, PhD, and Katherine Straznickas, PhD, at the UCSF Depression Center's "Depression: Pathways to Resilience and Recovery" event on September 13, 2014.

1. Katherine Straznickas, Ph.D. & Bev Lehr,
Ph.D.

2. • In the teens to 20’s – relationships matter more than ever
with peers assuming as much or more importance than
family
• Combine interpersonal stress with self-criticalness
• Result is depression

3. • Being self-critical makes us sensitive to anything that we
think we are doing wrong
• We become overly responsible for events around us
• We are sensitive to others and feel easily rejected by
them
• “Nobody wants to be my _________ (friend, girlfriend,
boyfriend)”

4. • We have a million good ideas
• Our good ideas are not positively embraced
• Our good ideas don’t help quickly enough when they are
tried

5. • More hostile emotion is expressed
• The depressed person – “you don’t understand me”
• The friends and family - “you’re not trying”
• Frustration and helplessness and self-blame are shared

6. • People might get physically ill
• People might become (more) anxious and depressed
• Friends and family start getting advice from others
• “If this was my son …”
• “If this was my wife …”

7. • We want to regain a balanced system
• We want to feel understood and respected for our
autonomy if depressed
• We want to feel helpful if we are friends and family
• We want to feel loved and to have our love and caring
received by the other person

8. • Nonjudgmental communication
• Getting help for ourselves if we need it
• Setting limits or confronting from a place of love and
caring

9. • Overly general
• Internally focused
• Rigid/perseverative

10. • Specific
• Takes external factors into account
• Flexible

11. • “Maybe next time you could ask me first before
you make a decision like that.”

12. • “Jessica got an A on the test because she
doesn’t have a social life: what a nerd.”

13. • “I probably messed that up.”

14. “I’m sorry I’m late: traffic was terrible.”

15. • “I guess I don’t know which place to go for a nice
dinner.”

16. • “Jessica got an A on the test because she is
smarter than me.”

17. • “I’m sorry I’m late, I couldn’t seem to get
organized this morning.”

18. • “I wish you could remember that I don’t like
pizza.”

19. • “Which movie do you want to see?”

20. • A depressed person is having a hard time finishing tasks
at work. The boss is not depressed.
• How might they communicate if they were both being
critical?
• The person with depression is self-critical and the boss is critical of
the worker.
What if they were not being critical of themselves or each other?

21. • Websites:
• Welcome to Families for Depression Awareness | Waltham, MA
• Expressed emotion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• http://depressiontoolkit.org/family-friends-caregivers/
Papers:
Auerbach, RP & Moon-Ho, RH (2012). A Cognitive-Interpersonal
Model of Adolescent Depression: The Impact of Family Conflict and
Depressogenic Cognitive Styles. Journal of Clinical Child &
Adolescent Psychology. 41:6, 792-802.
Auerbach, RP, Moon-Ho, RH & Kim, JC (2014). Identifying Cognitive
and Interpersonal Predictors of Adolescent Depression. Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology. 42: 913-924.

22. • Burkhouse, KL, Uhrlass, DJ, Stone, LB, Knopik, VS &
Gibb, B (2012) Expressed Emotion-Criticism and Risk of
Depression Onset in Children. Journal of Clinical Child &
Adolescent Psychology. 41:6, 771-777.

23. • Collazzoni, A, Capanna, C, Bustini, M, Stratta, P, Ragusa,
M, Marino, A & Rossi, A. (2014). Humiliation and
Interpersonal Sensitivity in Depression. Journal of
Affective Disorders. 167: 224-227.
• Cruwys, T, Dingle, GA, Haslam, C, Haslam, SA, Jetten, J
& Morton, TA (2013). Social Group Memberships Protect
Against Future Depression, Alleviate Depression
Symptoms, and Prevent Depression Relapse. Social
Science and Medicine. 98: 179-186.
• Haeffel, GJ, Gibb, BE, Metalsky, GI, Alloy, LB, Abramson,
LY, Hankin, BL, Joiner Jr., TE & Swendsen, JD (2008).
Measuring Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression:
Development and Validation of the Cognitive Style
Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology Review. 28: 824-836.

24. • O’Shea, G, Spence, SH & Donovan, CL (2013).
Interpersonal Factors Associated with Depression in
Adolescents: Are These Consistent with Theories
Underpinning Interpersonal Psychotherapy? Clinical
Psychology and Psychotherapy. 10.1002.
• Sobieraj, M, Williams, J, Marley, J & Ryan, P (1998) The
Impact of Depression on the Physical Health of Family
Members. British Journal of General Practice. 48: 1653-
1655.
• Sumner, JA, Griffith, JW, Mineka, S, Rekart, KN, Zinbarg,
RE & Craske, MG (2011) Overgeneral Autobiographical
Memory and Chronic Interpersonal Stress as Predictors
of the Course of Depression in Adolescents. Cognition &
Emotion. 25:1, 183-192.