The answer is finally unveiled in the phonons. They carry momentum and are therefore the ultimate the embodiment of momentum and thus force.

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PHONON
CM [014] The Quasi-Particle

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Igor Tamm & the Phonon
The idea of phonons was
introduced in 1932 by the
Russian physicist Igor Tamm
(1895-1971).
The phonon was not a real
particle but was fabricated as a
concept which facilitated many
treatment of heat and sound in
solids. The virtual particle
became a great and successful
idea used by all scientists in
solid state physics.

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Importance of Phonons
Phonons play a major roles in
deciphering many of the physical
properties of solids. They are
responsible for the electrical
conductivity and thermal property
of the condensed matter.
Interactions between phonons and
electrons are thought to be
responsible for such phenomena
as superconductivity.
The importance of phonons in
matter is equivalent to the
importance of photons in free
space.

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The real Nature of Phonon Overlooked
Little did Igor and his follower scientists know that this phonon concept is actually
one of the greatest discoveries in the history of physics. Its usefulness has led
people to concentrate on the practicality ONLY and not on its real nature. In solid
state physics, phonons are only regarded as quasi-particles, that is, it is not in the
same rank of real particles.

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Characteristics of Phonons
1. Phonons carry momenta.
2. Phonons do not play any part in altering the internal structure of any hosting
body.
3. According to current studies, phonons do not have a rest mass so that the
overall mass change in the particle or in collisions is negligible.
4. Phonons can travel from one object to another.
5. The transfer of phonon from one place to another is so fast that the motion is
not measurable in conventional collision experiment.

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Fulfilment of Newton’s Work
With these characteristics recognized, all
the pictures about motion come fitting
together. It is a simple matter to replace all
momentum terms by phonons.
In Newton’s time, the concept of particles
mediating forces was not yet available. So
his concepts about motion could not extend
beyond force and momentum. We cannot
blame Newton for not providing something
more solid than force and momentum.
Now it seems settled. All we need to do is
to confirm the existence of the phonon
particle. In doing so, we may be able to put
a smile on Newton’s face which was hardly
seen in his life.
That is what I have
been looking for!

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The Culmination
This is exciting. Since the time of Aristotle, it has been an
epoch of over two thousand five hundred years of
speculating, philosophising, and calculating until now. The
elusive particle is finally found in its full glory. The phonon is
not only the crown jewel of modern science, it is also the
carrier of momentum, the cause of motion, the origin of
almost all particle motions in the universe – provided, of
course, if we can prove it.

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NEWTON’S CRADLE
To be continued on CM [015]
ABCC