Under GTU course of Allied Manufacturing Techniques; Laser Beam Machining & Laser Beam Welding is prime methods used in todays technical era in industries

1. GUIDED BY:
P Prof. Hiren Pal
PREPARED BY-
RITU CHOUDHARY (130080125027)
SHELAT SHIVAM (130080125029)
SMIT PATEL (130080125030)
SUTHAR MILAN (130080125031)
LASER BEAM MACHINING &
LASER BEAM WELDING
B.V.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
YEAR 2015-16

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 LASER
 LASER BEAM MACHINING
 PARAMETERS AFFECTING LBM
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LBM
 LASER BEAM WELDING
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LBW
 REFRENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Laser Beam Machining or more broadly laser material
processing deals with machining and material processing
like heat treatment, alloying, cladding, sheet metal
bending etc.
 Such processing is carried out utilizing the energy of
coherent photons or laser beam, which is mostly converted
into thermal energy upon interaction with most of the
materials.

4. LASER
 Laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation.
 The underline working principle of laser was first put forward by Albert
Einstein in 1917.
 Laser is a device which generates or amplifies light.
 Stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

5. The lasing process
 Lasing process describes the basic operation of laser, i.e. generation of
coherent (both temporal and spatial) beam of light by “light amplification”
using “stimulated emission”.
Mechanism of energy transfer in laser beam

6. Energy bands in materials

7. Lasing action

8. LASER BEAM MACHINING
 Principle :
 Laser beam can very easily be focused using optical lenses as their
wavelength ranges from half micron to around 70 microns.
 Focused laser beam as indicated earlier can have power density in excess
of 1 MW/mm2.
 As laser interacts with the material, the energy of the photon is absorbed
by the work material leading to rapid substantial rise in local temperature.
 This in turn results in melting and vaporisation of the work material and
finally material removal.

9. MECHANISM:

10. The schematic of laser cutting unit

13. ADVANTAGES
 The ability to cut almost all materials
 No limit to cutting paths as the laser point can move in any paths
 No cutting lubricants are required
 No contact between the tool and work piece, hence no forces are
induced and as a result it is not necessary to provide the work
holding system to hold the work piece.
 The fragile materials are easy to cut on a laser without any support.
 No tooling cost or associated wear costs due to it.

14. DISADVANTAGES
 High capital investments and high operating costs.
 Laser holes are tapered to some extent.
 Heat affected through the lasers may change the mechanical properties of
the metallic materials and alloys.
 Reflected laser lights can lead to safety hazards.
 Assist or cover gases are required for safety purposes.

15. APPLICATIONS
 Used for making very accurate sized holes as small as 5 microns in
metals, ceramics and composites without warpages.
 Widely used for fine and accurate drilling and cutting of metallic and non-
metallic materials.
 Electronic and automotive industries.

16. LASER BEAM WELDING
 It is a fusion welding technique in which coalescence is produced by
heating the work piece due to impingement of the concentrated beam of
stimulated electrons coming from the laser source.
 In LBW process, the laser beam is directed by flat optical elements, such
as mirrors and then focused to a small spot at the work piece using either
reflective elements or lenses.
 It is a non-contact process, requiring no pressure to be applied.
 Inert gas shielding is generally employed to prevent oxidation of the
molten puddle and filler metals may be occasionally used.

17. Types of Laser beam welding
 Solid-State laser
 Gas Laser
 Slow axial flow gas laser
 Fast axial flow gas laser
 Transverse Flow

18. ADVANTAGES
 Less heat affected zones, hence work piece distortions are minimized.
 No electrodes are required.
 Tool wears are minimized as lbw being a non-contact process.
 Welding in areas that are not easily accessible with other means of
welding can be done.
 Permits joining of small, closely spaced components with tiny welds.

19. DISADVANTAGES
 Joints must be accurately positioned laterally under the beam and at a
controlled position with respect to the beam focal point.
 Maximum joint thickness that can be welded is limited.
 Weld penetrations of larger than 19 mm are difficult to weld.
 The rays of laser are harmful to human body and needs precautions.

21. REFRENCES
 www.google.com
 www.slideshare.net
 Wikipedia
 www.nptel.com

22. THANK YOU