Memory is the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving. There are three stages of memory - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds environmental information for a brief period of time, short-term memory stores information for 2-30 seconds, and long-term memory stores unlimited information over long periods of time. How information is encoded, whether through shallow or deep processing, determines how well it can be remembered later.
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
Memory
1.
2. MEMORY
•Memory is the ability to retain information
over time through 3 processes: encoding ,
storing & retrieving
3. MEMORY PROCESS
Encoding Storing Retreieving
making mental
representation
s of information
so that it is
placed in
memories
placing
encoded info
into relatively
permanent
memory for
later recall
getting,
recalling
information
that was
placed in
short-term and
long term
storage
4. 3 STAGES OF MEMORY
• ATKINSON & SHRIFFIN MODEL (1968)
1. SENSORY MEMORY
>Initial process >holds environmental Information
>From an instant to several
seconds
> aka Working Memory > holds limited information
2. SHORT-TERM MEMORY
3. LONG-TERM MEMORY
> 2-30 seconds
>stores almost unlimited information over long
periods of time
6. SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
Limited Duration-
2-30 seconds, can be
prolonged with
Maintenance
Rehearsal
Limited Capacity-an
average of 7 items,
FUNCTIONS:
•Attending
•Rehearsing
•Storing
8. Incoming
Information
Sensory
Memory
Selective
attention
Short-term
Memory
Encoded
for Storage
Long-Term
Memory
NO ATTENTION
FORGOTTEN
NOT ENCODED
FORGOTTEN
10. LEVELS OF
PROCESSING
• CRAIK & LOCKHART MODEL (1972)
“Remembering depends on how
information is encoded.”
1.SHALLOW PROCESSING
2.DEEP/ SEMANTIC
PROCESSING
11. SHALLOW PROCESSING
• Structural
• Phonemic
• Graphemic
• Orthographic
Paying attention to basic or
physical features. Encoding
information at
a shallow level may result to
poor recall.
12. SEMANTIC
PROCESSING
Encoding information by the use of associating old or familiar
info with new information. This type of processing results in better
recall.
*Elaborative Rehearsal
13. FORGETTING
Can be described as the loss of information already
stored in long-term memory.
15. 1. CUE DEPENDENT
Unavailable stimuli during attempted recall.
2. ORGANIC
Physiological brain damage.
3. INTERFERENCE THEORIES
1. Proactive- old interferes with new
2. Retroactive- new interferes with old
4. DECAY THEORIES
“Memory Trace’ vanishes because it hasn’t been used for a long
-Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information.
-Memory is the ability to retain information over time through 3 processes: encoding, storing & retrieving
Encoding- refers to making mental representations of information so that it is placed in memories.
-associating something with something else
-processing info into memory
-paying attention, sometimes we need to pay attention to remember, sometimes we don’t even have to try
Storing- process of placing encoded info into relatively permanent for later recall
-
Retrieving- process of getting, recalling information that was placed in short-term and long term storage
Three types of memory
Sensory- initial process that receives and holds environmental information in raw form for a brief period of time, for an instant to several seconds
Short-term- aka Working Memory process that holds limited information for a short period of time, 2-30 seconds
Long-term- Process of storing almost unlimited amounts of info over long periods of time.
(Blinking, Iconic Memory) (“What?”, Echoic)
Funct: Prevents being overwhelmed, gives decsion time, Provides stability, playback recognition
Limited Duration- 2-30 seconds, can be prolonged with Maintenance Rehearsal
Limited Capacity- an average of 7 items,