3. 3Figure 2.3 Op-amp symbol showing power supplies.
Operational Amplifier Symbol
4. 4
Internal Structure of Op Amps
+
-
vid
vo
+
-
Transcoductance
Differential
Amplifier
High Gain
Voltage
Amplifier
Unity
Gain
Buffer
C
5. 5Figure 2.2 Equivalent circuit for the ideal op amp. AOL is very large
(approaching infinity).
The ideal OA
6. 6
The ideal OA
Infinite input impedance
Infinite open-loop gain for the differential input
Zero gain for the common mode signal
Zero output impedance
Infinite Bandwidth
8. 8
Feedback
Negative Feedback
Part of the output signal is returned to the input
in opposition to the source signal
Positive Feedback
The signal returned from the output to the input
aids the original source signal
10. 10Fig. 2.5 Analysis of the inverting configuration
Analysis of the Inverting Amplifier
11. 11
Figure 2.6 An inverting amplifier that achieves high gain with a smaller
range of resistor values than required for the basic inverter.
Another Inverting Amplifier
22. 22
Figure 2.10b Schmitt trigger circuit and waveforms.
A positive feedback’s example:
Schmitt Trigger
23. 23Figure 2.20 If low-value resistors are used, an impractically large
current is required.
Practical Design Considerations:
Non-inverting Amplifier
24. 24Figure 2.21 If very high value resistors are used, stray capacitance can couple
unwanted signals into the circuit.
Practical Design Considerations:
Non-inverting Amplifier
25. 25
Figure 2.22 To attain large input resistance with moderate resistances for an inverting
amplifier we cascade a voltage follower with an inverter.
Practical Design Considerations:
Inverting Amplifier
26. 26
OP-AMP Imperfections
Non-linearity in the range of operation
Finite input impedance and non-zero output
impedance
Limited bandwidth and gain
Saturation
Output Current Limit
Slew Rate non linearity
DC offset
27. 27
Figure 2.25 Bode plot of open-loop gain for a typical op amp.
Gain and Bandwidth Limitations
29. 29
Figure 2.27 Bode plots for the non-inverting amplifier.
Effect of the gain and bandwidth limitations.
30. 30Figure 2.28 For a real op amp, clipping occurs if the output voltage reaches
certain limits.
Saturation
31. 31
Output Current Limit
The current that an op amp can supply to a
load is limited (typically +/-25 mA)
If a small-value load draw a current outside the
limit, the output waveform becomes clipped
32. 32Figure 2.30 Output for R1=1Kohm R2= 3Kohm RL = 10kohm and Vs max = 5V.
Max Output Voltage Swing
33. 33
Slew Rate Limitation
The output voltage of an op amp cannot
change in magnitude at a rate exceeding the
slew rate limit
34. 34Figure 2.31 Output for RL = 10kohm and vs(t) = 2.5 sin (105
π t).
Effect of Slew Rate Limitation
35. 35
Effect of Slew Rate Limitation
Fig. 2.29 (a) Unity-gain follower. (b) Input step waveform. (c) Linearly
rising output waveform obtained when the amplifier is slew-rate limited.
36. 36
Effect of Slew Rate Limitation
Full-power bandwidth fFPB:
range of frequencies for which the op amp can
produce an undistorted sinusoidal output with peak
amplitude equal to the guaranteed maximum output
voltage.
43. 43Figure 2.35 Adding the resistor R to the inverting amplifier circuit causes the
effects of bias currents to cancel.
Canceling the Effects of Bias Currents
44. 44Figure 2.36 Non-inverting amplifier, including resistor R to balance the
effects of the bias currents.
Canceling the Effects of Bias Currents