1. Title of presentation here
Subheading
Name / department / date
English Language Centre In-sessional Workshop
Citing Sources &
Referencing

2. www.lincoln.ac.uk
Learning Outcomes
You will:
•know why correct referencing is essential
•know what citations are and when and how to cite in
the text
•understand the many forms that plagiarism can take
•be able to reference some key sources of information
including books, journal articles and websites
•have a good understanding of how to set out
bibliographies

3. www.lincoln.ac.uk
What is Referencing?
Read and
Take Notes
Assignment
Evidence to
support your
ideas or
argument
• Paraphrase
• Direct
quote
• Summary
Acknowledge
sources used
• Briefly, in
your text
• In full, at
the end

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Why is correct referencing important?
It is a requirement of your
department/school
Puts your current work into
context
Provides supporting evidence for facts,
opinions, data, approaches taken
Gives your work academic credibility
Shows the breadth of your reading
Avoid plagiarism!
Allows others to easily find your sources
–give as much information as you can
Helps you re-trace your reading in the
future
Poor information sources and poor
referencing loses marks

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What are references and citations?
Citation
Reference
Reference
list
Bibliography
Appears in the text of your essay, wherever you use a
quote or incorporate an idea you have picked up from
another source
Appears at the end of your essay or chapter, or sometimes
at the bottom of each page, and gives full details of the
source of your information
A list at the end of a chapter or essay giving full details of
sources cited within the essay
A list at the end of your essay which gives the full details
of all sources which you have read even if they are not
referred to within the text

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When or when not to use an in-text citation? Cite Don’t
Cite
You are quoting directly from another source
Mention a fact that is commonly known
Present the results of your own survey or experiment
You are writing about another researcher’s theory or idea using your
own words, as a paraphrase or a summary
You use an image from the web
You are using facts and figures from another writer to support your idea
You use a diagram from a book
You include some statistics that your lecturer has given you in a lecture

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Basic rules for in-text referencing
One author
Family name
Year of publication
Kumar (2007) argued that…
or
...(Kumar, 2007).
Two or three authors
Family name
Year of publication
Brown and Lee (2008) state…
....(Brown & Lee, 2008).
Four or more authors
The name of the first author
followed by ‘et al.’
Year of publication
Jones et al. (2004) stated that…
…(Jones et al. 2004).

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In-text citations: Tips
Tip 1: To cite a source that you have read in
another source i.e. secondary sourcing:
‘Form always follows function’ (Sullivan,
cited in Horton 2006, p. 13).
Or
In 1896 Louis H. Sullivan observed that
‘form always follows function’ (cited in
Horton 2006, p. 13).

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In-text citations: More tips
Tip 2: If you are citing items from the same author
in the same year:
They should be distinguished by adding a lower-
case letter after the year .
E.g.: It was emphasised that citations in a
text should be consistent (Jones, 1998a).
In a work published later that year Jones
(1998b) proposed that...

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In-text citations: More tips
Tip 3: If there is no author:
(Anon, 2011)
Tip 4: If there is no date:
In-text citation: (Jones, no date)
Bibliography: [no date]
Tip 5: If there is no page:
In-text citation: (Biff, para. 9)

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In-text citations: More tips
Tip 6: More than one work (by different authors) which
arrives at the same findings expressed in one citation
The works are presented in alphabetical order, arranged
by the (first) author's surname/family name--L before M.
(Larsen, Jacobs & Vlimmeren, 2003; Macdonald, 2008).
Or
Integrated in the text, 'and' is used rather than (&), eg:
Larsen, Jacobs and Vlimmeren (2003) and Macdonald
(2008) all identify that it is crucial to...

12. www.lincoln.ac.uk
Citing an image/table/diagram/figure etc.
Tip 7: Treated the same as a direct quote – author(s) and
page numbers shown both in-text an in the caption
under the image
Illustration 1: Exploded illustration of the Chevy V8 engine (Honda 2012 p46)
In text: As shown in illustration 1 (Haynes 2013, p. 46), the early
Chevy V8’s were of a relatively compact design…

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In-Text Citations: Activity 1
1. The following paragraph has parts of the in-
text citations missing.
2. There are five sources used in the
paragraph cited below as a Reference List.
3. Complete the paragraph using the
information from the Reference List.
4. The answers will be reviewed in class.

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The ability to predict the likelihood of criminals returning to crime is vital to those
responsible for determining the release and management of offenders (Andrews &
Bonta, . Bonta, Law, and Hanson assert that it is now possible to
accurately assess the risk of offending "especially...when predictions are based on
actuarially derived information rather than professional and clinical judgement"
(p.124). Measures such as previous offences, age, income and drug or alcohol
dependency have been used successfully to predict criminal behaviour
( , 2003; Blackburn, 1993; Bonta et al., Webster & Bailes,
2004). Despite this evidence many violent offenders are still being assessed using
professional judgement rather than by actuarial measures (Polaschek
References List
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2003) The psychology of criminal conduct. 3rd ed.
Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.
Blackburn, R. (1993) The psychology of criminal conduct: Theory, research and
practice. Chichester: Wiley.
Bonta, J., Law, M., & Hanson, K. (1998) The prediction of criminal and violent
recidivism among mentally disordered offenders: A meta-analysis. Psychological
Bulletin, 123, pp. 123-142.
Polaschek, D. L. L., & Reynolds, N. (2004) Assessment and treatment: Violent
offenders. In: C. R. Hollin (ed.) The essential handbook of offender assessment and
treatment. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 201-218.
Webster, C. D., & Bailes, G. (2004) Assessing violence risk. In: C. R. Hollin (ed.) The
essential handbook of offender assessment and treatment. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 1-
13.

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Activity 1: Answers
The ability to predict the likelihood of criminals returning
to crime is vital to those responsible for determining the
release and management of offenders (Andrews &
Bonta, 2003). Bonta, Law, and Hanson (1998) assert that
it is now possible to accurately assess the risk of
offending "especially...when predictions are based on
actuarially derived information rather than professional
and clinical judgement" (p.124). Measures such as
previous offences, age, income and drug or alcohol
dependency have been used successfully to predict
criminal behaviour (Andrews & Bonta, 2003; Blackburn,
1993; Bonta et al., 1998; Webster & Bailes, 2004).
Despite this evidence many violent offenders are still
being assessed using professional judgement rather than
by actuarial measures (Polaschek & Reynolds, 2004).

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Reference List / Bibliography
A break-down of the components of
typical
references

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University of Lincoln Library Advice:
Books
Bell, J. (2005) Doing your research project. 4th ed.
Buckingham: Open University.
author title edition
publisher
date of
publication
Place of
publication
Source: Mansfield 2012

18. www.lincoln.ac.uk
Ebook
online
Date of access
Available
from: URL of
webpage
Bell, J. (2005) Doing your research project [online]. Open
University. Available from: http://www.library.ac.uk
[Accessed: 19th
December 2007].

19. www.lincoln.ac.uk
Chapter from a book
Smith, V. (1996) Listening. In: Hargie, O. (ed.) A handbook
of communication skills. London: Routledge, pp. 246-265.
title of
book
year of
pub. of
book
title of chapter
page
numbers
of the
chapter
author of
chapter
editor of
book
IN
publication details

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Journal article
Daiski, I. (2004) Changing nurses dis-empowering
relationship patterns. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48 (1),
pp. 43-50.
title of the article
page
numbers
of the
article
volume
number
part number
author
title of the
journal
date

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Electronic journal article
Daiski, I. (2004) Changing nurses dis-empowering
relationship patterns. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48 (1),
pp. 43-50 [online]. Available from: http://www.abi-
inform.com [Accessed: 12th
July 2007].
Available
from:
URL of
database
Date of
access
Online

22. www.lincoln.ac.uk
Website
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development
(2007) CIPD [online]. Available from:
http://www.cipd.co.uk [Accessed: 13 July 2007].
Title of Internet
site
Date of
access
Available
from:
URL of
webpage
Author/
editor/
organisation
Year of
publication
Online

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References Quiz – Identify the source:
Activity 2
Reference 1
Clarke, A. (2002) Online learning and social
exclusion. Leicester: National Institute of Adult
Continuing Education.
A.  Chapter in a book
B.  Book
C.  Web site
D.  Insufficient information

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Compile the References: Activity 3
Question 1 - Book
Lewis, J.S. (1997)
San Diego: Academic Press.
Physics and chemistry of the solar system.
Answer: Lewis, J.S. (1997) Physics and chemistry of the solar system.
San Diego: Academic Press.

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Solutions
Question 1 – Book
Lewis, J.S. (1997) Physics and chemistry of the solar system. San Diego: Academic Press.
Question 2 – Chapter in an edited book
Smith. J. (1980) The instruments of Hungarian folk dance music. In: Jones, R. and Green,
D. (eds.) Folk music of Eastern Europe. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 46-59.
Question 3 – Journal article
Starkl, M. and Brunner, N. (2004) Feasibility versus sustainability in urban water
management. Journal of Environmental Management, 71(3), pp. 245-260.
Question 4 - Electronic journal article
Halford, S. (2004) Towards the sociology of organizational space. Sociological Research
Online 9(1), pp. 10-20 [online]. Available from:
http://www.socresonline.org.uk/9/1/halford.html [Accessed: 10th June 2004].
Question 5 – Web document
Lane, C. et al. (2003) The future of professionalised work: UK and Germany compared
[online]. London: Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society.
Available from: http://www.agf.org.uk/pubs/pdfs/1232web.pdf [Accessed: 10th June
2004].

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Image: Scarfe, 1982
Plagiarism is like stealing the
contents of someone’s mind.
Similarly, zombies are infamous
for eating people’s brains, for
that reason they aren’t very
popular…
How can we avoid becoming a zombie/plagiariser?

27. www.lincoln.ac.uk
Different Types of Plagiarism: Sources Not Cited
"The Photocopy"
Copies significant portions of text straight from
a single source, without alteration.
"The Potluck Paper"
Cut and paste from several different sources, to
fit together
"The Poor Disguise"
Altered the paper's appearance slightly by
changing key
words and phrases.
Source: Plagiarism 2012

28. www.lincoln.ac.uk
Sources Cited (But Still Plagiarized)
"The Forgotten Reference"
Mentions an author's name for a
source, but neglects to include the
information in the reference list.
"The Too-Perfect Paraphrase"
Properly cites a source, but neglects
to put in quotation marks in the
text.
Source: Plagiarism 2012

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Avoiding Plagiarism: Activity 4
Compare the work submitted by this student with the original text.
Original text
“Reality TV claims to feature ‘ordinary’
people doing ‘ordinary’ things. As a
genre, the ‘people show’ minimises
the distance between the audience
and the ‘actors’ through its emphasis
on everyday life so that the viewer is
invited to recognise the participant as
belonging to her or his own habits. A
viewer sitting at home is not only
invited to identify with the actors; she
or he can become one of them by
volunteering to tell her story, become
a contestant, or by taking part in the
show as one of the studio audience”.
(Tinknell & Raghuram 2004, p. 258)
Submitted text
Reality TV claims to feature
‘ordinary’ people doing
‘ordinary’ things. The emphasis
on everyday life minimises the
distance between the audience
and the actors making the
viewer feel like they too could
become one of them by
becoming a contestant, or being
in the studio audience. (Tinknell
& Raghuram)
Source: Cardiff University Information Services 2012

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In the previous text has the student:
 Written about the original text in their own words?
 Copied phrases from the original text without
quotations marks?
 Failed to provide a correct reference?
 Provided a correct reference?
 Included too many words from the original text?
 Used the author’s ideas without providing a
reference?
Let’s finish the rest of the worksheet