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Indicators of immigrant integration settling in 2015
This document provides an overview and analysis of indicators related to immigrant integration across OECD and EU countries. It examines integration outcomes for immigrants and their children across five areas: employment, education/skills, social inclusion, civic engagement, and social cohesion. Recent immigrants generally have lower employment rates than native-born individuals or settled immigrants. Highly educated immigrants also face challenges finding jobs that match their qualifications. Immigrant youth and children of immigrants make up a large share of the youth population in many countries. Offspring of low-educated immigrant parents tend to have less successful educational outcomes. Discrimination is a concern for many immigrant communities. The document concludes with a "scoreboard" comparing integration outcomes across different peer groups of countries.
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Indicators of immigrant integration settling in 2015
- 1. INDICATORS OF IMMIGRANT INTEGRATION YvesBreem Thomas Liebig Cécile Thoreau International Migration Division Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Settling In 2015 Paris, 10 June 2015
- 2. Overview • Joint workwith the European Commission • First broad international comparison across all EU and OECD countries of the outcomes for immigrants and their children • 34 key indicators on the integration of immigrants and their children, including: – Extensive contextual information on the demographic characteristics of immigrants and their children – Five main areas of integration: Employment, education and skills, social inclusion, civic engagement and social cohesion • 2 special chapters: – Third-country nationals in the EU (“Zaragoza indicators”) – Youth with a migration background • Peer groups of countries which have a similar relative size and composition of the immigrant population
- 3. In the OECD,one person in five has a migration background Population share of immigrants and of native-born offspring of immigrants, around 2013 Percentage of the total population
- 4. Recent arrivals haveproblems to integrate in the labour market in virtually all countries Differences in employment rates of recent (<10 years of residence) and settled (>=10 years) immigrants compared to those of native-born, persons aged 15-64 years old, 2012-13 Percentage points Differences in the outcomes of recent arrivals across countries largely reflect differences in the composition of the immigrant intake by migration category -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Settled immigrants Recent immigrants
- 5. In spite ofsome convergence over time, gaps vis-à-vis native-born remain large in most areas Dispersion of recent and settled immigrants measured against key indicators relative to the native-born, persons aged 15-64, 2012-13 Native-born = 100 Diversity within the immigrant population is generally larger than among the native-born, but there is some convergence over time within the immigrant population 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Recent Settled Recent Settled Recent Settled Recent Settled % overqualified among highly educated % employed on a temporary job % employed in low- skilled jobs % in lowest decile f income Lowest quartile Highest quartile Median % in lowest decile of income 50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750 Recent Settled % in overcrowded dwelling % in overcrowded dwelling
- 6. Differences in employmentrates compared with native-born are often large for the high-educated, but less so for the low-educated Employment rates of foreign-born population aged 15-64 and not in education, by education level, 2012-13 Differences with native-born, in percentage points Cross-country differences for the low-educated are largely driven by differences in the composition by migration category (labour, family, humanitarian) -20 -10 0 10 20 Low educated High educated
- 7. Qualification is nota guarantee of success for immigrants • The share of high-educated among the immigrant population has grown by four percentage points since 2006-07 • High-educated immigrants face more difficulties in getting a job than their native-born peers… • …and when in employment, those with foreign education face a much higher incidence of overqualification – 41% vs. 29% for those with host-country qualification – Almost two-thirds immigrants have foreign qualifications • As a result, tertiary qualifications do not necessarily protect from poor living conditions – 11% face in-work poverty (5% for their native-born peers)
- 8. Low-educated are relativelyoften employed, but their long-term integration outcomes tend to be unfavourable • High employment rates come often at the price of low job quality • The result is a high incidence of in-work poverty (37% vs. 17% for low-educated native-born) and overcrowded housing conditions (29% vs. 11%) • Many lack basic skills – 32% of immigrants have only basic skills (native-born: 13%) – Only half of those employed participate in job-related training, compared with two thirds for their native-born peers – This raises the question of employability
- 9. Foreign-born youth andyouth with immigrant parents account for a large and growing proportion of youth 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 % Youth with a migrant background* % of foreign-born who arrived as adults* % of 15 years old with a migrant background% Note: * 15 – 34 years old “migrant background” refers to youth who either immigrated as children or are native-born with at least one immigrant parent
- 10. Immigrant students withlow-educated parents are less likely to succeed than their peers with native- born parents Shares of resilient 15-year-old students, by migration background, 2012 A high concentration of children of immigrants in schools is only an issue if their parents are low-educated, as is often the case in European OECD countries
- 11. As a result,in Europe, offspring of immigrants are twice as often among the most marginalised Youth (15-34) who are both low-educated and not in employment, education and training (NEET), by origin of parents, around 2013 Youth with a migrant background have suffered disproportionally from the crisis In some countries, education is a particularly strong driver for integration 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Native-born offspring of native-born Youth with migrant background %
- 12. That notwithstanding, native-bornoffspring of immigrants tend to fare better than their foreign-born peers - but gaps remain Inactivity rate among women, by migration background, persons not in education, 2012-13 0 10 20 30 40 50 Native-born with two foreign-born parents (15-34) (%) Native-born with two native-born parents (15-34) Foreign-born entered as adults (15-34)
- 13. There is ahigh sentiment of discrimination among immigrant offspring in Europe Persons who consider themselves members of a group that is or has been discriminated against on the ground of ethnicity, nationality or race, selected OECD countries, 2002-12 As a percentage of all foreign-born/native-born with two foreign-born parents, persons aged 15-64 and 15-34 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Foreign-born (15-64) Native-born with 2 foreign-born parents (15-34)
- 14. The scoreboard: comparisonsacross peer groups – how do immigrant vs. native differences compare with those in other countries? 14 Settlement countries Longstanding countries of immigration Destinations with significant recent and humanitarian migration many recent and high-educated immigrants longstanding lower- educated immigrants Australia NewZealand Israel Canada Luxembourg Switzerland UnitedStates UnitedKingdom Austria Belgium Germany France Netherlands Sweden Norway Denmark Finland Employment current trend Overqualification current trend Poverty current trend Overcrowding current trend Health current trend Youth: PISA scores current trend Youth: NEET rate current
- 15. Scoreboard (cont.) 15 New destinationswith many recent labour migrants Countries with immigrant population shaped by border changesLow-educated High educated Spain Italy Portugal Greece Ireland Iceland Estonia Slovenia CzechRepublic Hungary SlovakRepublic Poland Employment current trend Overqualification current trend Poverty current trend Overcrowding current trend Health current trend Youth: Education (PISA ) current trend Youth: NEET current