This overview of Canada's immigration, integration, citizenship and multiculturalism policies has been updated with 2020 data. Given the steep declines due to the impact of COVID-19, the numbers are much smaller than usual as I capture in my monthly updates (Covid-19 immigration effects - key slides).

1. Integration, Diversity and
Inclusion
Immigration, Settlement, Citizenship and Multiculturalism
Andrew Grif
fi
th
Spring 2021

2. Agenda
• Context, framework and history
• Key policies
• What the data shows
• Concluding observations
2

3. Global Context
• Global mobility and identities
• Increased prominence of religion
• In
fl
uence of US and European debates and
growing xenophobia
• Commonalities and differences with indigenous
issues
3

4. Immigration-Based Society
Culture of Accommodation
• Canada built by successive waves of
immigration
• Accommodation (imperfect) among Indigenous,
French, and British
• Context for later group arrivals and
multiculturalism
• Immigrant to citizen expectation
4

5. Canadian Model of Integration
Canadian History, Identity and
Values
Multiculturalism
Selection
Immigration
(Permanent Residents)
Foreign Workers
(Temporary Residents)
Short-term
Integration
Languag
e
Orientatio
n
Employment
Requirement
s
Ceremonies and
Awareness
Citizenship
5

6. “Integration of Postwar Immigrants”
Canada Year Book 1959
• In keeping with the democratic belief in the dignity and freedom of the
individual, it is felt that integration should be voluntary and should not be
pressed. It is assumed that integration is more moderate in its demands on
the immigrant and less painful for him than assimilation would be. Assimilation
usually means the complete absorption of the newcomer by the dominant
culture. In the process, cultural and social differences are worn off and a more-
or-less homogeneous society emerges. Integration, on the other hand,
recognizes and respects the cultural contributions that may be made by
people of diverse ethnic backgrounds who, nevertheless, are devoted to
the welfare of the same country.
• The ultimate responsibility for integration rests with the Canadian people
for, without their acceptance of the newcomers into community life, there can
be no integration. One of the main objectives of the Citizenship Branch*
therefore has been to encourage understanding and co-operation between old
and new Canadians and between the various ethnic groups in the population.
6

7. Bi&Bi Report 1969
Integration, in the broad sense, does not imply the loss of an
individual's identity and original characteristics or of his
original language and culture. Man is a thinking and sensitive
being ; severing him from his roots could destroy an aspect
of his personality and deprive society of some of the values
he can bring to it. Integration is not synonymous with
assimilation. Assimilation implies almost total absorption into
another linguistic and cultural group. An assimilated
individual gives up his cultural identity, and may even go as
far as to change his name. Both integration and assimilation
occur in Canada, and the individual must be free to choose
whichever process suits him, but it seems to us that those of
other than French or British origin clearly prefer integration.
7

8. Integration-related Policies
• 1960s — Discrimination removed from immigrant
selection (1962); points system introduced (1967)
• 1971 — Multiculturalism Policy
• 1977 — Citizenship Act
• 1982 — Charter of Rights and Freedoms
• 1986 — Employment Equity Act
• 1988 — Multiculturalism Act
8

9. Charter of Rights and Freedoms
(1982)
• Fundamental freedoms
(a) freedom of conscience and religion;
(b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other
media of communication;
(c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and
(d) freedom of association.
• Equality
15. (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right
to the equal protection and equal bene
fi
t of the law without discrimination
and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic
origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.
• Multiculturalism
27. This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the
preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.
9

10. Key policies
10

11. Immigration - Selection
• Focus on labour force (economic class 60
percent), then families and refugees
• Express Entry weighting: age, language, education, job offer,
provincial nominee
• Managed and controlled
• Temporary — high-skilled focus with some low-
skilled
11

12. Evolving Immigration
12
Aspect 1867-1914 1915-1945 1946-1985 1986 to present
Objective Settling the land Limits (WWI/II,
Depression)
Labour shortages Address skills shortage,
aging population
Labour Market
Focus
Agriculture Agriculture,
Manufacturing
Industrial production Highly skilled
Origins UK & USA, 1896-on Northern,
Central and Eastern Europe
Point system introduced (1967), shift non-
European immigration
Controls Chinese, Indian, Jewish, Black etc Removal of racial limits (1962)
Promotion Extensive Fed &
Provincial
Railways (1920s) Ongoing and focused government programs
Responsibility Mainly Federal Greater provincial role
Enforcement Prohibited classes Appeal Board CBSA created 2003
Integration Subsidized passage, free land,
Immigration Halls and Aid
Societies
Employment,
orientation,
language
Increased funding,
overseas services,
Credential Recognition
Refugees Very few accepted Post-war waves,
SCC decision on
right to hearing
Immigrant and Refugee
Board, safe third country

13. Immigration Mix
By Category, Long-term 1980-2016
13
25%
50%
75%
100%
1980 - 1990 1991 - 2000 2001 - 2005 2006 - 2010 2011 - 16
11.6%
11.4%
13.6%
16.3%
22.5%
26.8%
28.6%
29.1%
35.6%
34.8%
60.3%
58.2%
56.2%
47.0%
42.0%
Economic Family Refugees Other

14. Immigration Numbers
By Category, 2006-20 (~75 percent 15-59 years old)
14
87,500
175,000
262,500
350,000
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Economic Family Refugees Other

15. Economic Class
By Province 2006-20
15
25%
50%
75%
100%
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
12%
11.8%
15.7%
19%
21.1%
17.5%
20.2%
23.5%
24.6%
23.1%
20.3%
22.5%
19.7%
21.4%
18.8%
40.8%
41.8%
39.5%
33.5%
35%
33.5%
30.8%
32.1%
30.6%
32.9%
37.2%
35.7%
39.7%
40.9%
45.3%
11.6%
13.1%
12.5%
13.6%
11.2%
12.5%
13.8%
12.4%
12.5%
13.3%
10.4%
10.7%
8.3%
8.1%
6.5%
11.7%
10.6%
11.7%
14%
13.7%
19.6%
17.9%
15.3%
15.3%
13.3%
12%
10.8%
9.7%
8.6%
8.1%
17.4%
15.3%
14.3%
14%
15.3%
13%
13.1%
13.3%
13.7%
14%
16.5%
16.9%
19.3%
17.8%
18.6%
BC Alberta MB/SK Ontario Quebec Atlantic

16. Economic Class Pilots
• Atlantic Immigration Pilot (2017)
• Caregivers: Home Child Care Provider, Home Support Worker
(2019)
• Agri-Food Immigration Pilot (2019)
• Rural and Northern Immigration Pilot (2019)
• Temporary public policy for out-of-status construction workers in
the Greater Toronto Area (2019)
• Talent Beyond Boundaries (2019, refugees matched with
employers)
16

17. Refugees — Category
2006-2o
17
16,250
32,500
48,750
65,000
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
In Canada Privately Sponsored Government-Assisted Blended

18. Asylum Claimants
By Claim Of
fi
ce Type, 2011-20
18
17,500
35,000
52,500
70,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Airport Border Inland

19. RCMP Interceptions
Irregular border crossers 2017-2020
19
1,500
3,000
4,500
6,000
2017-1
2017-4
2017-7
2017-10
2018-1
2018-4
2018-7
2018-10
2019-1
2019-4
2019-7
2019-10
2020-1
2020-4
2020-7
2020-10

20. Immigration Sources — Category
Place of Birth - 1980-2016 — Census 2016
1980-90 1991-2000 2001-5 2006-10 2011-16
E F R E F R E F R E F R E F R
Southern Asia 6.6% 17.0% 4.8% 12.7% 25.1% 19.7% 19.5% 28.7% 18.9% 16.0% 24.8% 14.1% 18.8% 21.6% 9.9%
Eastern Asia 20.7% 12.3% 1.8% 30.6% 14.1% 2.3% 25.2% 16.1% 6.5% 17.8% 15.9% 5.7% 14.1% 17.4% 3.6%
Southeast Asia 12.3% 13.0% 33.6% 11.2% 14.4% 5.0% 10.4% 10.6% 1.5% 18.3% 11.2% 4.5% 23.4% 11.3% 1.7%
W Central Asia ME 9.4% 3.5% 8.7% 9.2% 4.8% 19.1% 9.2% 5.8% 22.3% 9.3% 6.5% 21.6% 9.4% 6.2% 42.1%
Eastern Europe 3.6% 5.6% 27.4% 10.4% 7.0% 10.4% 10.7% 6.3% 4.0% 6.8% 5.2% 2.5% 4.6% 4.6% 2.4%
Caribbean 4.9% 13.8% 0.4% 2.3% 10.1% 1.3% 1.9% 6.2% 2.1% 2.0% 6.6% 5.1% 2.3% 6.8% 5.3%
South America 5.0% 7.9% 2.1% 2.3% 5.8% 3.1% 3.3% 4.7% 12.0% 4.1% 4.4% 12.7% 3.2% 4.1% 3.5%
Northern Africa 2.3% 1.3% 0.3% 3.4% 1.5% 2.4% 5.5% 2.6% 2.8% 7.2% 3.7% 1.8% 5.7% 4.4% 2.2%
Southern Europe 7.5% 5.9% 0.7% 3.9% 2.3% 15.6% 1.7% 2.2% 3.7% 1.0% 2.1% 1.5% 1.3% 2.5% 1.0%
Northern Europe 11.4% 4.2% 0.1% 3.4% 2.1% 0.2% 2.5% 2.7% 0.1% 3.8% 2.9% 0.1% 3.1% 2.7% 0.1%
Eastern Africa 2.9% 1.7% 5.1% 1.1% 1.8% 8.5% 1.2% 1.5% 12.4% 1.2% 2.1% 14.9% 1.2% 2.6% 14.5%
Western Europe 5.5% 2.7% 0.6% 4.1% 1.5% 0.8% 3.5% 1.7% 0.4% 4.2% 1.7% 0.3% 4.0% 2.0% 0.2%
Central America 2.3% 2.7% 12.6% 1.2% 3.1% 6.9% 1.0% 2.7% 3.3% 1.5% 3.3% 4.8% 1.5% 3.3% 3.3%
North America 2.6% 5.4% 0.5% 1.6% 3.1% 0.4% 1.6% 4.8% 1.0% 2.1% 5.4% 2.6% 1.8% 5.3% 1.2%
Western Africa 0.6% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 1.5% 1.9% 1.1% 1.7% 4.1% 2.6% 2.1% 3.2% 3.3% 2.7% 3.0%
E = Economic, F = Family, R = Refugee
s
Highlighting: Blue — 5-10 percent, Yellow — 10-20 percent, Orange — Greater than 20 percent

21. Temporary Workers
By Category, 2006-19 (Full- and Part-Time, permit holders)
21
112,500
225,000
337,500
450,000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Live-in Caregivers Agricultural Workers Other Temporary Workers
International Agreements Cdn Interests & Other

22. International Students
By Level, 2007-20
22
175,000
350,000
525,000
700,000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Secondary or less Post Secondary Other

23. Temporary to Permanent Transition
2015-20 Admissions
23
27,500
55,000
82,500
110,000
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
70,450
102,105
91,850
77,795
60,895
67,400 3,300
5,655
4,640
5,830
6,880
8,260 7,755
11,565
10,950
9,410
8,270
8,565
39,980
57,365
51,725
43,785
34,755
40,360
19,415
27,520
24,535
18,770
10,990
10,215
Post-Graduate International Mobility Study Permit Work Permit (TFWP)

24. Source Area
Temporary Residents 2015-20
24
25%
50%
75%
100%
International Mobility Foreign Workers Students
2%
3.1%
10.6%
6.3%
58.8%
7.3% 17.8%
8.4%
26%
67.4%
26.9%
47.2%
Asia & Paci
fi
c Africa & Middle East Europe Americas USA Oceania

25. Integration and Settlement
• $1.35 billion (2018, about 60 percent IRCC spending)
• Language learning, community and employment
bridging services, settlement information
• About 1 million services provided 2019
• Information, path-
fi
nding and referral services to
internationally trained individuals obtain credentials to
practice in Canada
• Most services designed and delivered by service
provider organizations (SPOs)
25

26. Federal Settlement Services
By Service and Province, 2018-20
26
25%
50%
75%
100%
Canada Atlantic QC ON MB SK AB BC
22.4%
15.9%
6.7%
11.3%
16%
16.8%
15.3%
14.7%
25%
30.7%
31.3%
26.3%
26.2%
21%
20.5%
27.1%
26.1%
26.2%
40.1%
38.1%
30.4%
45.7%
42.2%
33.1%
5.2%
5.7%
3.2%
4.2%
5.4%
3.5%
5.7%
4.8%
15.3%
14.5%
14.5%
16.8%
10.1%
9.3%
13.8%
13.5%
Community Connections Employment Information/Orientation
Language Assessment Language Training Needs Assessment
Resettlement Assistance Service Improvement

27. Citizenship - Key Aspects
• Facilitation and meaningfulness balance
• Birthright citizenship
• Short residency (3/5 years) with physical
presence
• Language and knowledge assessment (18-54
year olds)
• Fraud and misrepresentation investigations
27

28. Evolving Citizenship
28
Aspect Pre-1947 1947 Act 1977 Act 2014 Act C-24 2017 Act C-6
Birthright Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Residence
(years)
5 after 1919
(shorter earlier)
5 3 4 3
Language Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Knowledge Yes Yes Yes Yes
Test Ages 18-64
(18-54 2005)
14-64 18-54
Dual nationality No No Yes Yes Yes
Values “good
character”
“good
character”
Intent to reside Yes Yes No Yes No
Retention Declaration <
22
Declaration <
25
Declaration <
28
First generation
limit
Revocation
(fraud)
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Revocation
(terrorism)
Yes Yes No Yes No

29. Citizenship Take-up Rate
Foreign-born by Place of Birth, Census 2016
Southern Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Caribbean
Southern Africa
South America
Eastern Africa
Western Europe
Central America
Northern Africa
W Central Asia & Mid-East
Oceania
Southeast Asia
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
USA
Western Africa
Central Africa
25% 50% 75% 100%
46%
45%
41%
36%
34%
34%
34%
33%
32%
29%
29%
27%
25%
23%
23%
22%
17%
13%
48%
40%
35%
59%
58%
63%
50%
46%
39%
53%
57%
63%
51%
65%
67%
59%
52%
70%
Canadian Only Dual Nationals Non-Citizens
Number
629,630
540,855
599,800
403,555
51,175
346,600
206,330
459,150
192,370
246,945
635,640
70,570
926,190
1,154,335
1,232,465
338,630
126,170
59,005

30. Citizenship Take-Up
Period of Immigration — NHS 2011, Census 2016
25%
50%
75%
100%
Overall Before 1981 1981 - 2000/5 Last full period Partial period
30.5%
68.5%
90.4%
91.9%
82.7%
36.7%
77.2%
91.4%
92.7%
85.6%
NHS Census
Last full period: When all immigrants eligible — 2001-5 (NHS), 2006-10 (Census)
Partial Period: When only portion of immigrants eligible — 2006-10 (NHS), 2011-15 (Census)

31. Citizenship Applications & Citizens
2000-20 IRCC Operational Data
87,500
175,000
262,500
350,000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Applications Applications 3-Year Moving Average New Citizens
PR Trendline
PR Trendline
31

32. Multiculturalism Policy and Act
1971, 1988
• To assist cultural groups to retain and foster their
identity
• To assist cultural groups to overcome barriers to
their full participation in Canadian society
• To promote creative exchanges among all
Canadian cultural groups
• To assist immigrants in acquiring at least one of
the of
fi
cial languages
32

33. Evolving Multiculturalism
33
Ethnicity Multi
(1970s)
Equity Multi
(1980s)
Civic Multi
(1990s)
Integrative
Multi (2000s)
Social
Cohesion
(Harper)
Diversity and
Inclusion
(Trudeau)
Focus Celebrating
differences
Managing
diversity
Constructive
engagement
Inclusive
citizenship
Social
cohesion
Social inclusion
Reference
Point
Culture Structure Society
building
Canadian
identity
Canadian
values
Inclusive
Citizenship
Mandate Ethnicity Race relations Citizenship Integration Cohesion Inclusion
Magnitude Individual
adjustment
Equal access Participation Rights &
responsibilities
Responsibilities
& rights
Diversity as
strength
Problem
Source
Prejudice Systemic
discrimination
Exclusion “Clash” of
cultures
Faith & culture
clashes
Barriers
Solution Cultural
sensitivity
Employment
equity
Inclusivity Dialogue/
mutual
understanding
Shared values,
anchored in
histor
y
Shared values,
universalist
Key Metaphor Mosaic Level playing
fi
eld
Belonging Harmony/jazz Conforming Embracing
Adopted from A. Fleras and Jean Kunz, Media and Minorities: Representing Diversity in a Multicultural Canada.

34. Employment Equity 1986
• Objective: Workplace equality by ensuring that ability and
quali
fi
cations are the only criteria for opportunities, bene
fi
ts, and
advancements
• Women, visible minorities, Indigenous and persons with disabilities
• Applies to public service and federally regulated industries
• Premises
• No one shall be denied employment opportunities and bene
fi
ts for reasons unrelated to
ability
• Special measures are necessary to improve the employment
• "Reasonable accommodation" to recognize legitimate differences and take reasonable
steps to accommodate
34

35. What the data shows
35

36. Demographic
• More complex, varied diversity — ethnic and religious
• Toronto, Vancouver and Calgary, not MTV
• Dispersion to smaller centres (41 ridings > 50 % VisMin)
• 2036 projections — between 24 to 30 percent immigrants, one in
fi
ve second generation, together close to 50 percent
Implications and Risks
• More debate and discussion regarding “reasonable”
accommodation, populist anti-immigration language
• More communities and institutions affected
36

37. Economic
• Strong participation rates, although visible minority women 25-34 lower
• Persistence of economic differences (unemployment, income)
• But university-educated 25-34 second generation VisMin largely comparable
• Smaller income gap between VisMin women/not VisMin women than men
• Quebec outcomes signi
fi
cantly poorer
Implications and Risks
• Weaker inclusion of second-generation non-university educated
• Poorer outcomes for some groups (Black, Latin American, Arab, West Asian)
• Communities to focus both on external and internal barriers
• Ongoing discrimination in hiring
37

38. Social
• Strong education outcomes but variance among groups
• Some discrimination and hate crimes persist
• Healthcare, education social services reasonably representative
• Signi
fi
cant police force under-representation
• More mixed ‘ethnic enclaves’ than majority ones
Implications and Risks
• Gap between education and economic outcomes
• Challenge in overcoming implicit bias
• Greater prevalence of some groups in support positions
38

39. Political
• Immigrant to citizen model at risk given declining naturalization (high fees)
• Under-representation in elected of
fi
cials, judges, GiCs being addressed in
post-2015 appointments
• Federal public service largely representative, provincial and municipal less
• Media diversity improving, both coverage and journalists
Implications and Risks
• Weakened social fabric
• Increased number of marginalized long-term non-citizens
• Risk that judicial decisions may not re
fl
ect Canada’s diversity—declining given post-2015
appointments
• DND and RCMP need to address weak representation, as do municipal police forces
39

40. Public Attitudes Toward Immigration
Focus Canada Fall 2020, Environics Institute
Immigration positive for economy
Too much immigration
Not adapting Canadian values
Claimants not real refugees
25% 50% 75% 100%
21%
26%
39%
6%
20%
23%
28%
6%
21%
22%
15%
34%
14%
22%
12%
50%
Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree Neither/DK
40

41. Public Attitudes Toward Immigration
Focus Canada Long-term, Environics Institute
Immigration positive for economy (1993)
Too much immigration (1987)
Not adapting Canadian values (1993)
Claimants not real refugees (1987)
25% 50% 75% 100%
35%
44%
27%
84%
79%
72%
61%
56%
Past Fall 2019
41

42. Visible Minority Immigration
Voting Intentions, April 2019, Ekos
Liberal
Conservative
NDP
Green
25% 50% 75% 100%
28%
27%
69%
15%
44%
44%
23%
68%
20%
27%
2%
13%
Too few About right Too many NR/DK
42

43. International Comparisons
2018 OECD Integration Report
CA AUS NZ USA UK F D NL S DK
Percent Foreign-born 22.3% 28.7% 26.3% 14.4% 13.4% 11.7% 16.1% 10.9% 20.5% 11.2%
Social - Education compared to native-born
PISA G2 12.3 23.3 -0.7 -16.2 -1.3 -41.9 -51.9 -41.4 -35.5 -58.8
Post-Secondary 15-64 14.7% 16.8% 17.5% -4.5% 9.8% -5.2% -5.3% -7.6% 3.1% 8.8%
Economic compared to native-born
Household poverty rates 9.4% 2.6% 8.3% 4.5% 10.9% 5.3% 18.6% 16.7% 9.5%
Median income 81.8% 92.3% 82.9% 94.9% 85.3% 87.2% 76.7% 76.7% 88.0%
Unemployment 15-34 G2 -0.9% -0.7% 0.4% 3.5% 10.6% 7.0% 10.3% 6.6% 5.0%
PS Employment 15-34 G2 -1.3% -0.2% -0.5% 4.5% -5.1% -8.6% -8.7% -2.3%
Political
Perceived Discrimination 15-34
G2
14.1% 9.8% 9.8% 29.3% 14.4% 37.8% 14.8% 15.7%
Naturalization 15 or older, 10
years
90.5% 81.4% 62.3% 58.1% 59.6% 61.1% 75.0% 86.8% 45.9%
43

44. International Comparisons
MIPEX 2020 Policy Focus
Indicator CA AUS NZ US UK F D NL S DK
Labour Market Mobility 76 37 59 69 48 52 81 65 91 65
Family Reunion 88 68 74 62 29 43 42 31 71 25
Education 86 79 76 83 40 36 55 57 93 45
Health 73 79 83 79 75 65 63 65 83 56
Political Participation 50 65 85 40 45 45 60 50 80 70
Permanent Residence 77 46 63 63 58 58 54 52 90 42
Access To Nationality 88 76 92 88 61 70 42 55 83 41
Anti-discrimination 100 69 88 97 94 79 70 85 100 51
Total 80 65 77 73 56 56 58 57 86 49
44

45. Concluding
observations
45

46. Models Re
fl
ect Realities
• Geography, history, culture, demographic mix
• Host society attitudes
• Canada’s model re
fl
ects these factors
46

47. Is Canada Unique? Resilient?
Keith Banting
Perceived ‘triple threat’ of immigration/multiculturalism
• Economic insecurity
• Growing inequality and precarious employment
• Cultural insecurity
• Economic threat, cultural threat, security threat
• Political opportunity
• Political incentives to mobilize anti-immigrant backlash
• Electoral system, ethnic voter concentration, number of new Canadian
voters provide counterbalance
• All parties court ethnic votes
47

48. Andrew Grif
fi
th
Email: agrif
fi
th232@gmail.com
Twitter: @andrew_grif
fi
th
LinkedIn: andrewlgrif
fi
th
Facebook: Andrew Grif
fi
th CM
Blog: www.multiculturalmeanderings.wordpress.com
Books: lulu.com